Cancer related fatigue syndrome in neoplastic diseases

Introduction

One of the major problems concerning people suffering from neoplastic diseases is the struggle with the disease and overwhelming treatment. The very information about a neoplastic disease causes patients’ negative emotions. It results in a defensive reaction in the form of denial, diagnosis denial and isolating from the environment. Patients often become aggressive and they totally change their behaviour. Unfortunately, it causes certain difficulties during treatment [1].
Fatigue, which is a result of a neoplastic disease, also constitutes a difficulty. It is so-called cancer related fatigue (CRF) [2-4].
We can define the fatigue as “a subjective feeling of the energy lack to commence or sustain any activity, which feeling is not related to depression or decreased muscle power” [5, 6]. Pyk et al. define fatigue as “the intermediary and reversible state of the organism’s efficiency decrease resulting from the work done. There are objective physiological changes coexisting such as blood chemistry, ECC, pulse, skin conductance and subjective changes such as fatigue, lesser work involvement” [1].
The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) defines fatigue as a “subjective feeling of fatigue, weakness and lack of energy” [3, 7-9].
The main symptoms of CRF are the feeling of both physical and emotional exhaustion, fatigue, which is disproportionate to the task done. It impedes daily routines. CRF is classified at World Health Organization’s ICD-10-CM under the symbol G 93.3 [2, 10].
Disorders which may result from fatigue may concern the whole organism or its parts. Fatigue may be divided into:
• physical,
• psychological, and
• psycho-nervous one [1].
If a disorder is caused by the damage of a neural conduction tract, it may result in pathological fatigue, namely, the feeling of excessive effort and fatigue. The psychological fatigue is, on the other hand, manifested by a limited concentration and endurance of mental activities [5].
It may be divided into:
• acute and moderate fatigue, which constitutes the organism’s defensive reactions,
• chronic fatigue, which is a symptom of an illness [1].
Fatigability often appears before a diagnosis and increases during treatment – it remains after the end of therapy. It decreases patients’ life quality, both in the physical and psychological sphere [2, 7, 11-14].

Incidence

According to various sources, during neoplastic disease, fatigue is felt by 70-100% of patients [2, 10, 12, 14-18], including the half of the patients during chemotherapy (according to Huang Xu et al., it constitutes 80-96% of patients) and 60-93% during radiotherapy [19]. From the research conducted by Pyk, Michno et al., it may be concluded that the patients often report fatigue on admission to the hospital (53% of the examined patients) [1].
Fatigability is more often felt by women and people who were diagnosed with metastases [2]. This symptom is reported by 70% of people suffering from lung neoplasm [20].

Symptoms

Cancer related fatigue is a subjective psychologically, physically and emotionally based feeling; it is disproportionate to patient’s daily activity [4, 12, 17, 19, 21].
Chronic fatigue syndrome differs from fatigue, which results from the physical effort. This difference stems from the fact that it is not related to rest [15].
Patients suffering from the chronic fatigue syndrome are diagnosed as having pains and muscle weakness, headaches, throat aches, weakness and lack of appetite, increased perspiration, especially at night, lymphatic nodes tenderness, sight disorder, sleep disorder and slightly increased body temperature [5, 6, 8, 9, 22, 23].
During chemotherapy, women experienced fatigue which was accompanied by a mood deterioration and emotional stress [7, 24]. Other authors observe that there are difficulties concerning concentration, memory problems, easy fatigability, lack of strength to start new things, which all posed no problems before [5].
Fatigue experienced by female patients, who were treated for a breast cancer, is more frequent than the one experienced by people who did not have a breast cancer. Women, aged between 30 and 50, suffer most often from fatigue [5]. It may result from the earlier and violent menopause which stems from chemotherapy and hormone therapy [19]. The symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome remain more than 6 months and are not the symptoms of the underlying disease [6].

Diagnosis and fatigue assessment

A number of diseases manifest themselves in fatigue, e.g. neurological diseases, cardiovascular and blood diseases, neoplastic disease, endocrinological and psychiatric disorders [5]. Therefore, the diagnostic procedure of the chronic fatigue syndrome has a considerable significance for choosing appropriate treatment. Cancer related fatigue is described as a complex, psychologically, physically and emotionally based feeling. The standard of living has a great influence on CRF [3, 7-9, 15, 24-26].
However, fatigue as a symptom is quite often underestimated. Chronic fatigue causes patients’ deterioration of life; moreover, it results in the decrease of the motivation to struggle with the disease [16, 19, 20, 27].
The diagnostic procedures, depending on a suspicion concerning the cause of disorder, use magnetic resonance, PET, electrophysiological and biochemical tests, muscle biopsy, and neuropsychological tests. Examining fatigue is difficult to carry out owing to the fact that it is of a subjective nature. Despite the abovementioned diagnostic procedures, fatigue assessment scales are used [5].
Questionnaires, which examine the physical, emotional and cognitive aspects of fatigue, turn out to be useful. The aforementioned questionnaires, to name a few, are Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), which determines the dimensions of fatigue such as general fatigue, physical one, decreased activeness, motivation and psychological fatigue [4, 24], the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL) [2, 5], and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue Scale (FACT-F) [2, 12, 28].
The intensity of fatigue can be examined by means of a Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of the Linear Analogue Scale Assessment (Fig. 1).
Additionally, of a great value there are interview and physical examinations, information which can be obtained from the family. On account of the fact that patients commencing oncological treatment suffer from fatigue, it is essential to start the therapy at the very beginning of treatment [2]. Unfortunately, the very mechanism of chronic fatigue syndrome formation remains unknown for the patients suffering it [2, 5, 29]. Nevertheless, it is sure that it may intensify during treatment and the progression of the disease [2].
While diagnosing the chronic fatigue syndrome, it is significant to exclude the beginning depression. The symptoms of depression may include fatigue and, additionally, low self-esteem and motivation, bad mood, the feeling of guilt and isolation [9].

Causes

The pathogenesis of chronic fatigue still needs examination and research. It is believed that fatigue may result from such factors as:
• properly functioning hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which “guarantees the balance of the organism and allows to quickly react to stress”,
• immunological system’s disorders caused by inflammatory reactions mediators (directly) or by the influence on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (indirectly),
• the decrease in neurotransmitters’ level such as noradrenaline and serotonin,
• “lactic acid poisoning resulting from the metabolism in muscles,
• oxygen debt caused by the blood level drop in blood” [1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 13, 25].
The factor which increases the incidence of CRF is lengthy administration of medicines such as opioids, benzodiazepine, and medicines containing codeine, tranquilizers, anxiolytics and antidepressants [5].
It is considered that fatigability can be influenced by such factors as diurnal rhythm distortion, skeletal muscles cachexia or proinflammatory cytokines production [2, 13].
Moreover, smoking is considered to influence psychological fatigue in oncological patients who suffer from a lung cancer [20].
Fatigue can be intensified by various factors such as “pain, emotional pain, sleeping disorders, anaemia, eating disorders, the level of activity, side effects of medicines (e.g. cardiac drugs – beta blockers) or a concomitant disease” [2].
Patients treated oncologically take steroids what results in body weight fluctuations. This, on the hand, leads to taking up various diets in order to decrease body weight – it mainly concerns women. One of the examples is women during radiotherapy who suffer from breast cancer or gynaecologic neoplasms. They, at all costs, try to keep their weight on the same level claiming that they want to fit the mask. Such diet disorders favour the chronic fatigue syndrome. It is of a great help to recommend accurate physical activity to them which is adequate to their health and abilities.
Yet other drugs which intensify fatigability are anti-emetic medicines and tranquillizers [2].

Treatment

During CRF treatment, there is a great need to pay attention to patient’s lifestyle and physical activity adequate to their abilities. What is more, appropriate rehabilitation is crucial and so is psychotherapy (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy – CBT) and public assistance [5, 11, 12, 17, 30].
Preventing, as well as the treatment of CRF, is mainly based on patient and family education, appropriate psycho- and physiotherapy, sleeping disorder therapy and proper diet education during and after treatment; moreover, pharmacological treatment is used [2, 7, 14, 19, 31].
Psychotherapy uses cognitive and behavioural therapy which can be conducted individually with the patient, in a group; it is also a marital or family therapy. Therapists help patients trigger changes in thinking, feeling and their behaviour. The aim and course of the therapy is at the very beginning consulted and agreed by a therapist together with a patient [23].
Regular exercises which decrease fatigue, depression and anxiety are of a great help. These exercises are best done during treatment and after it. Fatigue is less frequently observed in those patients who are undergoing hormone therapy [19].
The study concerning the influence of rehabilitation on the level of patients’ fatigue after oncological treatment was conducted by Weert et al. The exercises were selected on the individual basis using aerobic training and exercises involving torso and limbs. Patients, who accomplished rehabilitation, were diagnosed as experiencing less physical and psychological fatigue. A similar study was conducted by Adamsen et al. who examined a group of patients undergoing chemotherapy. This study used physical exercises, relaxation and massage. It was proved that the physical efficiency and patients’ activeness increased [10].
Patients with CRF suffering from Hodgkin’s disease after chemotherapy were diagnosed as having better mood and weakened symptoms of CRF within five months after chemotherapy [29].
There is also a theory of “six E’s” by Portney from the Beth Israel Medical Center in New York. Six E’s stand for: education, energy conservation, exercise, energy restoration, easing stress and eating well [10, 32-34].
Pharmacological treatment reduces the main symptoms connected with chemotherapy, namely, nausea, vomiting and blood parameters [29].
Unfortunately, a significant barrier in diagnosing the disease is the fact that patients attribute excessive fatigue to a basic symptom as a concomitant symptom, especially during neoplastic disease. They are afraid of stopping oncological treatment. Owing to this fact, they do not report this symptom to a doctor [5].

Conclusions

All patients who were treated oncologically suffer, during neoplastic disease, from fatigue which may transform itself imperceptibly into CRF. There is a number of attempts made to diagnose and treat this disease; however, if we do not know the pathogenesis, we cannot observe at early stages first symptoms to prevent this disease.
Therefore, further research is essential thanks to which the origin of fatigue would be determined. Owing to this fact, it would be possible to appropriately prevent it, which would result in improving patients’ lives during treatment and after it.

Disclosure

Authors report no conflict of interest.

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