1. Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation 2016; 134(6): 441–450, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912.
2.
Tailakh A, Evangelista LS, Mentes JC, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, and control in Arab countries: a systematic review. Nurs Health Sci 2014; 16(1): 126–130, doi: 10.1111/nhs.12060.
3.
Lacruz ME, Kluttig A, Hartwig S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hypertension in the general adult population: results of the CARLA-Cohort Study. Medicine 2015; 94(22): e952, doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000952.
4.
Guerrero-García C, Rubio-Guerra AF. Combination therapy in the treatment of hypertension. Drugs Context 2018; 7: 212531, doi: 10.7573/dic.212531.
5.
Vrijens B, Vincze G, Kristanto P, et al. Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drug treatments: longitudinal study of electronically compiled dosing histories. BMJ 2008; 336(7653): 1114–1117, doi: 10.1136/bmj.39553.670231.25.
6.
Paczkowska A, Kopciuch D, Nowakowska E, et al. Compliance among adolescents with arterial hypertension. Adv Clin Exp Med 2016; 25(3): 441–448, doi: 10.17219/acem/33838.
7.
Gupta P, Patel P, Štrauch B, et al. Risk factors for nonadherence to antihypertensive treatment Hypertension 2017; 69(6): 1113–1120, doi: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08729.
8.
Alhaddad IA, Hamoui O, Hammoudeh A, et al. Treatment adherence and quality of life in patients on antihypertensive medications in a Middle Eastern population: adherence. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2016; 12: 407–413, doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S105921.
9.
Abdelhalim HN, Zahrani AI, Shuaibi AM. Factors affecting treatment compliance of patients on antihypertensive therapy at National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA) Dammam Primary Health Care Clinics (PHCC). J Family Community Med 2019; 26(3): 168–172, doi: 10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_43_19.
10.
Rahmawati R, Bajorek BV. Self-medication among people living with hypertension: a review. Fam Pract 2017; 34(2): 147–153, doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmw137.
11.
Aykan DA, Aykan AC. Factors associated with the concomitant use of cardiovascular drugs and dietary herbal products: a cross-sectional study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2018, doi: 10.1177/1074248418794938.
12.
Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. Herbs used for the treatment of hypertension and their mechanism of action. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19(9): 77, doi: 10.1007/s11906-017-0775-5.
13.
Chrysant SG. The clinical significance and costs of herbs and food supplements used by complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 30(1): 1–6, doi: 10.1038/jhh.2015.42.
14.
Fries CJ. Classification of complementary and alternative medical practices: Family physicians’ ratings of effectiveness. Can Fam Physician 2008; 54(11): 1570–1571.
15.
Lei X, Chen J, Ren J, et al. Liver damage associated with Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a systematic review of case reports and case series. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015: 459749, doi: 10.1155/2015/459749.
16.
World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014–2023. 2015 Nov 20 [cited 2.09.2019]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/.
17.
Da-Costa-Rocha I, Bonnlaender B, Sievers H, et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. – a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Food Chemistry 2014; 165: 424–443, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002.
18.
Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, et al. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61(1): 1361779, doi: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779.
19.
Abou-Arab AA, Abu-Salem FM, Abou-Arab EA. Physico-chemical properties of natural pigments (anthocyanin) extracted from Roselle calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa). J Am Sci 2011; 7(7): 445–446.
20.
Wu H-Y, Yang K-M, Chiang P-Y. Roselle anthocyanins: antioxidant properties and stability to heat and pH. Molecules 2018; 23(6): 1357, doi: 10.3390/molecules23061357.
21.
Ojeda D, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, et al. Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 127(1): 7–10, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.059.
22.
Barrett GC, Elmore DT. Amino Acids and Peptides. Available from URL: https://books.google.com/books/about/Amino_Acids_and_Peptides.html?id=9Np_Yue4-vgC
23.
Ajay M, Chai HJ, Mustafa AM, et al. Mechanisms of the anti-hypertensive effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 109(3): 388–393, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.005.
24.
Sarr M, Ngom S, Kane MO, et al. In vitro vasorelaxation mechanisms of bioactive compounds extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa on rat thoracic aorta. Nutr Metab 2009; 6: 45, doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-45.
25.
Abubakar SM, Spencer JPE, Lovegrove JA. Acute impact of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces on postprandial lipids, biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation in humans. Proc Nutr Soc 2016;75(OCE3). Available from URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E4AF2A22F6453C3BBA8E865359B09FB9/S0029665116001245a.pdf/div-class-title-acute-impact-of-span-class-italic-hibiscus-sabdariffa-span-calyces-on-postprandial-lipids-biomarkers-of-insulin-resistance-and-inflammation-in-humans-div.pdf.
26.
Hopkins AL, Lamm MG, Funk JL, et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Fitoterapia 2013; 85: 84–94, doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.01.003.
27.
Adamson RH. The acute lethal dose 50 (LD50) of caffeine in albino rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80: 274–276, doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.011.
28.
Seck SM, Diop AE, Ka FE, et al. SP106 Antihypertensive efficacy of Ccombretum Micranthum and Hibiscus Ssabdariffa: a randomized controlled trial versus Ramipril. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2016; 31: i120–i120, doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfw159.15.
29.
Kuriyan R, Kumar DR, Rajendran R, et al. An evaluation of the hypolipidemic effect of an extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa leaves in hyperlipidemic Indians: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2010; 10: 27, doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-27.
30.
McKay DL, Chen C-YO, Saltzman E, et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. tea (tisane) lowers blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults. J Nutr 2010; 140(2): 298–303, doi: 10.3945/jn.109.115097.
31.
Ndu OO, Nworu CS, Ehiemere CO, et al. Herb-drug interaction between the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and hydrochlorothiazide in experimental animals. J Med Food 2011; 14(6): 640–644, doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0117.
32.
Kolawole JA, Maduenyi A. Effect of zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2004; 29(1): 25–29, doi: 10.1007/BF03190570.
33.
Showande JS, Igbinoba SI, Kajula M, et al. In vitro modulation of cytochrome P450 isozymes and pharmacokinetics of caffeine by extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn calyx. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 30(3), doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0206.
34.
Odigie IP, Ettarh RR, Adigun SA. Chronic administration of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa attenuates hypertension and reverses cardiac hypertrophy in 2K-1C hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 86(2–3): 181–185, doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00078-3.
35.
Haji Faraji M, Haji Tarkhani A. The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 65(3): 231–236, doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00157-3.
36.
Ngamjarus C, Pattanittum P, Somboonporn C. Roselle for hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2010(1): CD007894, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007894.
37.
Wahabi HA, Alansary LA, Al-Sabban AH, et al. The effectiveness of Hibiscus sabdariffa in the treatment of hypertension: a systematic review. Phytomedicine 2010; 17(2): 83–86, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.09.002.
38.
Serban C, Sahebkar A, Ursoniu S, et al. Effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2015; 33(6): 1119–1127, doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000585.
39.
Walton RJ, Whitten DL, Hawrelak JA. The efficacy of Hibiscus sabdariffa (rosella) in essential hypertension: a systematic review of clinical trials. AJHM 2016; 28(2): 48–51.
40.
Nwachukwu DC, Aneke E, Nwachukwu NZ, et al. Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffaon blood pressure and electrolyte profile of mild to moderate hypertensive Nigerians: a comparative study with hydrochlorothiazide. Niger J Clin Pract 2015; 18(6): 762–770, doi: 10.4103/1119-3077.163278.
41.
Boix-Castejón M, Herranz-López M, Pérez Gago A, et al. Hibiscus and lemon verbena polyphenols modulate appetite-related biomarkers in overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2018; 9(6): 3173–3184, doi: 10.1039/c8fo00367j.
42.
Herranz-López M, Olivares-Vicente M, Boix-Castejón M, et al. Differential effects of a combination of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Lippia citriodora polyphenols in overweight/obese subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9(1): 1–12, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39159-5.
43.
Nwachukwu DC, Aneke EI, Nwachukwu NZ, et al. Does consumption of an aqueous extract of Hibscus sabdariffa affect renal function in subjects with mild to moderate hypertension? J Physiol Sci 2017; 67(1): 227–234, doi: 10.1007/s12576-016-0458-z.
44.
Kane SP, Phar BCPS. Sample Size Calculator [cited 28.10.2019]. Available from URL: https://clincalc.com/stats/samplesize.aspx.
45.
Herrera-Arellano A, Miranda-Sánchez J, Avila-Castro P, et al. Clinical effects produced by a standardized herbal medicinal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa on patients with hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, lisinopril-controlled clinical trial. Planta Med 2007; 73(1): 6–12, doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957065.