Analysis of the consumption of nutrients and minerals in the diets of children and adolescents

Introduction
A consequence of nutrient and microelement deficiency in the diet is the inhibition of growth and development of the young body, as well as the lowering of immunity. The aim of the research was to assess the level of consumption of nutrients and selected minerals in the everyday diet of children and adolescents living in rural areas.

Material and methods
The diets of 1180 pupils aged 7–18 years were analysed. The questionnaire contained questions about products consumed on a daily basis, including fast food products, sweetened drinks, snacks, and sweets, as well as information on any chronic illnesses the study participants suffered from. The questionnaire was completed over a 7-day period. The daily intake of energy (kcal) and the amount of selected nutrients and minerals consumed were determined using the DIETA FAO 5.0 computer program.

Results
In the group of 7–9- and 10–12-year-olds, the daily requirement for micronutrients was exceeded for sodium, potassium, magnesium, and iron, while there was a very low intake of calcium. In the group of 13–15-year-olds boys exceeded the daily intake of sodium, potassium, and iron, while there was a deficiency of magnesium and calcium. Among high school pupils, the intake of sodium and iron exceeded the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The median intake of calcium corresponded to half the RDA.

Conclusions
Children and adolescents consume meals inconsistent with the rational nutrition guidelines, regardless of their age. The high carbohydrate and fat intake but low calcium intake suggest that the amount of meat and sweets consumed by children and adolescents needs to be reduced while the amount of milk and dairy products should be increased.