Badanie skutków zastosowania technik relaksacyjnych w zakresie zmniejszenia lęku u pacjentek poddanych planowemu cięciu cesarskiemu w Szpitalu imama Chomejniego w Ahwazie w Iranie w 2016 roku

Introduction

Anxiety is a response against unknown, internal, and ambiguous danger [1], which is characterised by one or more physical indexes such as feeling dizzy, shortness of breath, heartbeat, sweating, headache, urination, and desire to move [2]. Caesarean section, due to the delivery and operating room and anaesthesia as well as well-known complications for the patient, can cause anxiety in patients, and this anxiety creates physical problems for the patient.
Medical and behavioural methods are among the most effective methods to control and decrease anxiety [3]. The most commonly used drugs for the treatment of anxiety include benzodiazepines, tetracyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics, carbamazepine, propranolol, and hydroxyzine [4]. The drugs, despite having rapid effects, have many complications and should not be used for eight to 12 months, and in most cases anxiety increases again. One of the complications of these drugs is creating dependence if consumed for a long-term period [5]. So we can’t use drug now as safe drug because causes deprivation symptoms including anxiety, susceptibility, fatigue, headache, insomnia, dizziness, depression, delusions, and seizures [6].
Behavioural therapeutic methods are non-drug methods to decrease anxiety, including therapeutic touch, the use of heat and cold, and various relaxation methods (hypnosis, guided imagery, deviation, biofeedback, meditation, yoga, progressive muscle relaxation, and Benson Muscle Relaxation). These methods, in addition to their safe and low-cost nature, are non-invasive [7].
Muscle relaxation significantly changes the functioning of the automatic nervous system; as a result, it influences physiological reactions to stress. Therefore, oxygen consumption and CO2 production are decreased, heartbeat and number of breaths are decreased, and pleasant feelings and intellectual concentration are increased. Another non-drug intervention to decrease stress is music therapy, in which rhythmic sound is used to create communication and relaxation [8, 9]. Although this method is non-invasive and cost-effective without any complications, it has some limitations. For example, in this method, the patient must take an active role and performs orders actively in all steps. Another method that is used in different countries to decrease anxiety is therapeutic touch. This method does not require special facilities, does not result in costs for the patient, and simply and effectively decreases anxiety [10, 11].

Aim of the research

Therefore, the present study aimed to examine muscle relaxation and therapeutic touch in women candidates for caesarean section to investigate the effect of these therapeutic methods on relaxation in pregnant women and decreasing their anxiety levels.

Material and methods

This was a clinical trial conducted on 90 pregnant women (45 persons in each of the two groups) who underwent elective caesarean section in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran during 2016.

Inclusion criteria

All pregnant women had conditions necessitating caesarean delivery, which were evidence for examination and normal pelvic ultrasound and normal laboratory tests. Regarding knowledge, the participating pregnant women were at least able to write.

Exclusion criteria

History of continuous use of benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, psychotics, opiates, history of anxiety disorders, attacks, or any history of previous psychiatric illness, existence of dystocia and hard delivery in previous pregnancies, existence of any kind of maternal and prenatal risk factor that makes non-elective caesarean section possible, smoking or history of drugs and antidepressants, history of congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), type I and II diabetes, history of hypertension, received hypertension drugs, and any allergy to food or medicine.

Instruments

1. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) that is among the first and most valid scales to measure the intensity of anxiety symptoms and has been used in clinical and research sections. This scale consists of 14 sections; each section contains a series of symptoms related to anxiety. This scale investigates both psychological symptoms of anxiety (mental distress) and physical anxiety (physical pain and complaints). According to the design of this scale, an evaluator (usually a psychologist or clinical psychologist), after clinical observations, classifies different symptoms of anxiety quantitatively. In self-report questionnaires there is a possibility that responses may be under the influence of personal characteristics, but in this scale this problem is rarely observed. Meanwhile, the reliability and validity of this scale were confirmed.
2. A clinical demographic questionnaire was completed based on data obtained from the patient, as well as contents of the case including age, education, marital status, employment, income, gender, smoking, family history of coronary artery disease, and other diseases such as high blood pressure, high blood lipids, diabetes, chronic kidney failure, and pulmonary disease.
After selecting the sample, pregnant women were randomly assigned into two groups including an intervention group and a control group. The demographic data were collected during the first interview. Then, the data relating to the interventions were recorded at two steps respectively at 4 h before surgery and after surgery (during hospitalisation). Then, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, radial pulse rate, and number of breaths per minute were measured and recorded carefully.
After evaluating the concerns, information and beliefs regarding caesarean section were studied in three areas of cognitive and behavioural information as follows:
1. Information control: at this step, inaccurate information about the patient was revised, and complementary information about caesarean, its duration, and general conditions of caesarean section were provided for the patient.
2. Cognitive control: according to the cognitive distortions in the patient, cognitive control was performed (e.g. patient’s attention to the advantages instead of emphasising the unpleasant aspects).
3. Behavioural control: behavioural control methods including specific breathing exercises, relaxation, and distraction technique were given to the patients for use during times of anxiety.
Progressive muscle relaxation was performed in the intervention group for 20–25 min. These activities were performed every hour and, in sum, a total of four times before the surgery. For the control group, neutral contents were distributed, and no other intervention was performed. Patients were studied within three steps in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital, and all of these steps were designed by a veteran and knowledgeable researcher. After data collection, data were analysed according to the HAM-A, and the main objectives were studied.

Statistical analysis

In order to analyse data, using descriptive methods including frequency distribution tables, diagrams, and numerical indexes, variables of interest were described. Also, to investigate the relationship between variables, independent sample t-test, paired sample t-test, and repeated measurements were used. Data were analysed using SPSS V22.

Results

Vital characteristics of patients were similar in the two groups of the study (Table 1).
In investigating the relationship between demographic characteristics and the effect of relaxation therapy, the two groups were similar. This means that subjects were similar in terms of education (elementary, diploma, academic (most of them had diploma)), income (less than 250 dollars, between 250 and 750 dollars, more than 750 dollars (most of them received between 250 and 750 dollars)), number of deliveries (one to five deliveries (most of them were experiencing the first delivery)), and smoking (most of them were not smokers). Investigating the relationship between these parameters and the effect of this technique using c2 and Pearson tests showed that only income level has a significant relationship with this relaxation therapy (p > 0.05).
Investigating the relationship between clinical factors and the effect of relaxation therapy showed that in both case and control groups there is no significant relationship between these parameters and the effect of relaxation therapy (p < 0.05).

Comparing explicit anxiety in research groups before caesarean section

Explicit anxiety levels between research groups before and after caesarean section are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Explicit anxiety and total anxiety showed a significant difference between research groups, and the anxiety level in the case group was significantly lower than in the control group.

Discussion

A baby’s birth includes a period that starts from the onset of regular uterine contractions and ends with the withdrawal of the pair, and this process is known as labour, which means hardship, suffering, and physical effort [12]. Therefore, the mother experiences a lot of stress and anxiety and is exposed to physical and mental diseases [13]. This stress is especially severe when the mother is exposed to caesarean section. Therefore, the establishment of a suitable context to adjust stress and anxiety can promote the mental health of mothers. In the present study, the effect of relaxation techniques including information, and behavioural and muscle relaxation techniques on decreasing the anxiety of mothers under caesarean section was investigated. Relaxation is one of the nursing techniques that is known to be a complementary non-drug treatment, creating a balance between the posterior and anterior hypothalamus; it decreases the activity of sympathetic nervous system and with the release of catecholamine, and decreases muscle stress, unpleasant physiological effects, blood pressure, pulse rate, and muscle spasms resulting from stress [14, 15].
Investigating the subjects in terms of other demographic characteristics showed that in both groups, most of the subjects had a diploma, income between 250 dollars and 750 dollars, were experiencing the first delivery, and were non-smokers. A significant difference existed between elevated income level and the effect of the relaxation technique (p > 0.05).
About clinical factors, most mothers did not have other diseases during pregnancy, such as cardiovascular disease, and caesarean history in their family. Investigating the relationship between clinical factors and the effect of relaxation technique showed no relationship between these factors and the effect of relaxation technique.
In investigating the effect of relaxation technique on decreasing anxiety, the results of this study showed that explicit anxiety in the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group, but implicit anxiety did not show any difference in research groups. However, the relaxation technique decreased total anxiety in pregnant mothers prior to caesarean. After caesarean, the condition was similar, and this technique decreased explicit anxiety and total anxiety of mothers. Vatankhah [16] states that relaxation based on meditation decreases anxiety among women, and this is consistent with the findings of the present study. Similar results were obtained by Yildirim and Sahin [17], who conducted a study on relaxation techniques through touching. A common reaction in people under stress is to look for people that help them by giving information in dealing with stress and anxiety [18]. In the present study, the results showed that providing mothers with sufficient information regarding caesarean decreases their anxiety and increases their tolerance. Heydari et al. [19] investigated the effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on anxiety of women under intrauterine insemination therapy and stated that anxiety in the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group. In addition, they stated that the use of cognitive behavioural therapy, besides providing correct information and a true understanding of the location, starts with the effect of muscle relaxation and decreases the number of breaths and leads to nervous relaxation. It is possible to control the anxiety of infertile women under treatment. Ahmadi and Bagheri [20] state that thinking based on education and information plays an important role in decreasing pregnancy problems and fear, and this along with decreasing and limiting the consumption of chemical drugs promotes the health of the mother and the baby. Indeed, information and thinking help the mother to adapt to the conditions and overcome fear and anxiety, and this decreases the risk of complications after giving birth.
Studies have shown that one of the factors that cause delivery pain is disruption of balance in transferring messages through thick and thin fibres to the spinal cord. While transferring messages through thick fibres, pain is not felt. During pain-free stimulation such as massage or relaxation, thick fibres are activated, and if the pain-free stimulation overcomes painful stimulation (e.g. uterine contraction), pain is not felt based on that acute form, and this decreases anxiety in mothers [16]. Such a condition was observed in the present study.
Also, investigations show that muscle relaxation decreases oxygen consumption, increases CO2 disposal, and decreases heartbeat and blood pressure. This, besides decreased energy consumption and muscle contraction, decreases the anxiety and mental pressures of the person [21], which is consistent with decreased anxiety in pregnant women. Jariani et al. [22] investigated the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety of patients with heart failure. Authors [23] investigated the effect of muscle relaxation and music therapy on the anxiety levels of patients waiting for cardiac catheterisation. Malmir et al. [24] investigated the effect of Benson’s relaxation on explicit anxiety of patients waiting for open heart surgery. Ahmadi and Bagheri [20] investigated the effect of training on anxiety, fear, and pain among pregnant women. Kordi et al. [25] investigated the effect of information promoter programs on decreasing fear and anxiety of pregnant women.
Also, investigations showed that no significant difference exists between anxiety levels before and after caesarean section in research groups. This means that anxiety existed after caesarean section. Most women feel anxious when they feel pain before a caesarean, and in these conditions, emotional, rational, mental, and physical support can decrease the anxiety of pregnant mothers.

Conclusions

A relaxation therapy technique was performed on patients with elective caesarean section in three areas of cognitive, behavioural, and muscle relaxation, which decreased the explicit and total anxiety of mothers, and this indicated the benefits of non-drug interventions in decreasing anxiety. In this condition, emotional, rational, mental, and physical support decreases anxiety of pregnant mothers.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Address for correspondence:

Masoumeh Nazarinasab
Department of Radiology
Golestan Hospital
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
6135733118 Ahvaz, Iran
Phone: +98 9166415264
E-mail: drnazarinasabm@gmail.com