Introduction
Low risk of postoperative complications and beneficial outcomes after the surgical treatment of obesity depend as much on the course of the operation as on the administration and management of the department conducting the preparations and peri-operative care. Organization of a state-of-the-art bariatric center should be conducted in accordance with modern, acceptable standards [1]. However, the creation and running of such a center is fraught with multiple difficulties.
First approaches to bariatric surgery in Poland were conducted in the 1970s using classical laparotomy (jejunoileal bypass). Legitimate introduction of surgical treatment of obesity in Poland took place in the 1990s and in 2001 the Polish Association for Prevention and Treatment of Obesity joined the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) [2]. Currently multiple surgical centers in Poland perform bariatric operations. This resulted in creation of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Chapter of the Polish Surgical Society, which so far has issued two editions of guidelines (2009 and 2016) for surgical treatment of obesity intended for Polish surgeons [3, 4].
The number of bariatric procedures performed yearly is steadily growing [5, 6]. Nevertheless, it seems that there is constantly a great disproportion between the number of patients requiring surgical treatment of obesity and those being referred to the bariatric surgeon [7]. Due to growing demand for surgical treatment of obesity, there is a need for creating and improving bariatric centers in our country. Therefore, an assessment of current problems affecting bariatric treatment seems to be valid.
Aim
Our objective was to identify which stages of peri-operative care and establishing a modern bariatric center are currently the greatest challenge in a developed European country.
Material and methods
Study design
An anonymous survey was designed to assess current difficulties in creating a bariatric center and managing bariatric patients in surgical departments. The questionnaire included multiple choice and open-ended questions. The survey was distributed to medical doctors exclusively using a mailing list and the official website of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Chapter of the Polish Surgical Society, between January and June, 2018. Comprehensive instructions on how to complete the survey were included at the beginning of the questionnaire.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The study group included surgeons and general surgery residents working in a bariatric center. We excluded physicians and residents with different specializations than general surgery, medical interns, medical students and other health-care professionals.
Survey
Our questionnaire was divided into three parts: demographic characteristics, difficulties associated with peri-operative care for bariatric patients, and organization and running of bariatric centers in which participants are currently working.
The first part gathered data on age, sex, stage of surgical training – resident/specialist, voivodeship, experience in surgery (years) and experience in bariatric surgery (years) of the participant.
Questions in the second part verified difficulty level (on a scale of 1–5) of preoperative management and included: obtaining specialist, psychological or dietary consultations, achieving pre-operative weight reduction, the patient’s compliance with pre-operative recommendations for physical activity and cessation of tobacco smoking, access to a support group for bariatric patients, organizing educational lectures and providing patients access to educational materials, leaflets, diaries, etc. It also included questions related to the difficulty level (on a scale of 1–5) of various elements of post-operative care, particularly: early mobilization of patients, implementation of the ERAS protocol, early supply of oral fluids, pain control, postoperative nausea and vomiting control, and control of potential gastro-intestinal leak. Additionally, we requested information on the schedule of follow-up visits and rate of participation during the first post-operative year and after the first year.
The third part of the survey requested information on the reference level of the hospital, type of currently performed bariatric operations, number of bariatric operations performed yearly by the center, funding (National Health Fund or commercial), accessibility of the bariatric infrastructure in the surgical ward and operating theater adapted to the needs of bariatric patients including (on a scale of 1–5): patients’ rooms (beds, armchairs), bathrooms and toilets, means of transport (wheelchairs, prams, lifters, bariatric ambulance), endoscopy unit, computed tomography machine adjusted to superobese individuals and operating room equipment (bariatric operating table, mattress, patient fastening system, bariatric instruments for laparoscopic surgery).
Ethical considerations
The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments (Fortaleza). Participants were informed about the aim of the study and informed consent was obtained electronically prior to the beginning of the survey.
Results
Participants
Overall, 70 surgeons and surgical residents from 17 surgical centers participated in our survey. The study group included 57 (81.4%) males and 13 (18.6%) females. Mean age was 41.04 ±11.18 years. The group of respondents included 51 (72.9%) surgeons and 19 (27.1%) residents in training in general surgery. Mean experience at work as a general surgeon among respondents was 15.31 ±11.78 years. Participants were actively involved in surgical treatment of obesity for 7.39 ±5.91 years on average.
Peri-operative care
The most difficult element of the pre-operative care was compliance with the recommendation to cease smoking (3.47 ±1.28), followed by compliance with the recommendation to increase physical activity (3.18 ±1.08) and achieving pre-operative weight loss (3.06 ±0.94) (Table I). The most difficult obstacle during postoperative care period was implementation of the ERAS protocol (2.27 ±1.31), followed by the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (1.81 ±0.77) and early mobilization of patients (1.74 ±0.77) (Table II). Routine long-term follow-up examinations after bariatric surgery were conducted by 56 (80%) participants. Usually the schedule of follow-up examinations is designed individually for each patient’s needs (28–40%). Participants reported a mean rate of 68.78 ±30.11% of patients willing to attend follow-up examinations during the first year following the procedure and 48.08 ±26.3% after the first year following the procedure.
Table I
Difficulty in achieving individual elements of preoperative care
Table II
Challenges occurring in the postoperative period after bariatric treatment
Bariatric center
Most participants (49–70%) work in a hospital with a reference level of three (academic center). It was followed by participants from hospitals with a reference level of two (10–14.3%) and one (8–11.4%). The most commonly performed operation was laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (67–95.7%), followed by laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (43–61.4%) and one-anastomosis gastric bypass (mini gastric bypass) (17–24.3%). Most participants in our survey worked in a bariatric center performing 300–400 bariatric operations a year (23–32.9%). Funding for the bariatric treatment was obtained exclusively from the National Health Fund by 60 (85.7%) respondents working in 15 different bariatric centers (88.2%). Only 7 (10%) participants from 2 (11.7%) institutions conducted bariatric treatment funded commercially and by the National Health Fund, whereas 3 (4.3%) did not state the source of funding in their center. Among elements of bariatric infrastructure access to operating theater equipment sized for morbidly obese patients was reported to be the most difficult (3.8 ±1.68). It was followed by access to computed tomography (3.62 ±1.5) and patients’ rooms adapted to the needs of bariatric patients (3.6 ±1.6) (Table III).
Table III
Accessibility of bariatric infrastructure
Discussion
Our survey-based study investigated current problems associated with bariatric treatment. The designed questionnaire assessed potential difficulties occurring during both the course of the peri-operative care and organizational or administrative problems arising concurrently with managing a modern bariatric center in a developed European country.
The presented study is a result of the cooperation between multiple bariatric centers. Surgeons who participated in our study reported substantial difficulties associated with achieving compliance among bariatric patients with pre-operative recommendations, introducing modern peri-operative care protocols and access to operating theater equipment adapted appropriately for morbidly obese patients.
Respondents to our survey reported significant difficulties with convincing patients of the necessity to stop smoking prior to the bariatric procedure. According to Haskins et al., smoking is a significant risk factor for postoperative morbidity, including among bariatric patients [8]. Available data show that in order to achieve reduction in wound healing, cessation of smoking must take place at least 3 to 4 weeks before the operation [9]. It seems that patients should be advised to stop smoking tobacco at every point of pre- or postoperative care [10]. Bariatric surgery candidates who preoperatively used tobacco may also undergo additional treatment to achieve smoking cessation, which often has a beneficial impact on the overall health as well as the postoperative outcomes [11].
Introducing an ERAS-based peri-operative care protocol seems to be particularly challenging in bariatric centers. Implementing the ERAS protocol is often associated with difficulties and obstacles, usually resulting from the traditional approach to peri-operative care, and reluctance to change it among senior surgeons who are usually managing surgical wards and bariatric centers [12]. A survey-based study by Martin et al. indicated that the main barriers associated with introducing the ERAS protocol were time restraints, reluctance to change and logistical problems arising from changing surgical wards’ organization [13]. Implementation of the ERAS protocol significantly improves surgical outcomes in upper gastrointestinal surgery [14–16]. The positive impact becomes more apparent with increasing compliance with particular components of peri-operative care [17, 18]. The ERAS protocol also has the potential to safely contribute to reducing costs of surgical treatment [19, 20].
According to the results of our survey, most bariatric operations in Poland seem to be funded by the National Health Fund, which may limit the number of procedures performed and obtaining necessary equipment and furnishing of the wards. The main reason for that is that in Poland there are no separate funds for bariatric procedures and the amount of money reimbursed is limited.
Bariatric centers often propose different operations, different peri-operative care protocols and different follow-up visits regimens after the procedure. Introducing an accreditation system for bariatric centers in Poland may positively influence surgical outcomes by standardization of important elements of management [21]. Creating a centralized registry of bariatric surgery centers in USA according to Kuo et al. did not result in impaired access to care. The authors even observed an improvement in access to bariatric surgery among some underserved populations [22]. Furthermore, a centralized accreditation system in Poland would create multiple scientific opportunities for further survey-based studies or multi-center bariatric clinical trials on a large groups of patients, which in the past often led to acquiring new, statistically significant and more precise results [23].
Organization of a surgical center adopted to the needs of obese patients is challenging [24]. Both pre-operative and post-operative care differ significantly in morbidly obese individuals [25]. Adaptations for bariatric patients which should be incorporated into a modern bariatric center include safe means of patient transport, techniques of anesthesia and intra-operative exposure, postoperative recovery and measures to assure postoperative patient safety, hygiene, and comfort [26, 27]. This requires appropriate staffing, operating room and hospital facilities. Results of the survey conducted by Nguyen et al. among bariatric surgeons of the United States of America in 2004 stressed the need for appropriate equipment and facilities capable of handling the morbidly obese and credentialing of bariatric surgeons [28]. Our study indicates that obtaining specialized equipment of an operating theater sized for bariatric patients is particularly challenging in a clinical setting.
This study is associated with several limitations. Firstly, the overall number of 70 respondents is relatively low. Secondly, we concentrated only on European bariatric departments, so it may be difficult to generalize our results to other continents. The third limitation results from the lack of precise comparison between peri-operative care protocols between centers, which might cause differences in experienced difficulties. However, bariatric centers participating in our survey based their peri-operative care protocols on recommendations included in recently published Polish guidelines, so the course of peri-operative care should be comparable [4]. Unfortunately, the data gathered by our survey are limited. Researchers studying the organizational status of bariatric surgery in Poland in the future may consider a more comprehensive data collection method.
Conclusions
Pre-operative recommendations including smoking, physical activity or weight loss are difficult to execute. Introducing ERAS protocol based peri-operative care in bariatric departments remains difficult in reality. We believe that efforts should be made to implement at least components of this approach, due to the currently confirmed beneficial impact of the ERAS protocol on outcomes, including among bariatric patients. Further research could identify potential ways to improve compliance with preoperative recommendations and means to overcome difficulties associated with introducing ERAS. The development of specialized bariatric centers, which would be included in the centralized register and equipped with specialized infrastructure for morbidly obese patients, seems to be the next step to improve post-operative results.
