eISSN: 2449-8580
ISSN: 1734-3402
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Reviewers Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Instructions for authors Publication charge Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
2/2024
vol. 26
 
Share:
Share:
Review paper

Cognitive behavioral therapy techniques in the treatment of tokophobia – a literature review

Elżbieta Konieczna
1
,
Marta Hofmann
1
,
Katarzyna Domaszewska
1, 2

  1. Faculty of Health Sciences, The President Stanislaw Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, Kalisz, Poland
  2. Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 2024; 26(2): 261–266
Online publish date: 2024/06/17
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Bewley S, Cockburn J. Responding to Fear of Childbirth. Lancet 2002; 359(9324): 2128–2129.
2. Eriksson C, Jansson L, Hamberg K. Women’s Experiences of Intense Fear Related to Childbirth Investigated in a Swedish Qualitative Study. Midwifery 2006; 22(3): 240–248.
3. Apolinário-Hagen J, Drüge M, Fritsche L. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Acceptance Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Integrating Traditional with Digital Treatment Approaches. In: Kim Y-K, ed. Anxiety Disorders: Rethinking and Understanding Recent Discoveries. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Singapore: Springer; 2020: 291–329.
4. Benhamou D, Mercier FJ, Velde M van de, et al. Education in Obstetric Anesthesiology: An International Approach. Int J Obstet Anesth 2023; 55: 103896.
5. Mitchell Ross G. Objectives and outcome of perinatal care. Lancet 1985; 326 (8461): 931–934.
6. Bilert H. Tokophobia – a Multidisciplinary Problem. Ginekol Pol 2007; 78(10): 807–811.
7. Viérin M, Bouissou M. Pregnancy Is Associated with Low Fear Reactions in Ewes. Physiol Behav 2001; 72(4): 579–587.
8. Schulte AM, Krivitzky SK. Obstetric psychoprophylaxis. The current reality. Acta Médica Grupo Angeles 2021; 19(3): 361–367.
9. Hofberg K, Brockington I. Tokophobia: An Unreasoning Dread of Childbirth: A Series of 26 Cases. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 176(1): 83–85.
10. Clement S. Psychological Aspects of Caesarean Section. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 15(1): 109–126.
11. Huizink AC, Mulder EJH, Robles de Medina PG, et al. Is Pregnancy Anxiety a Distinctive Syndrome? Early Hum Dev 2004; 79(2): 81–91.
12. Prescott J, Mackie L, Rathbone AL. Predictors of Health Anxiety during Pregnancy. m Health 2018; 4: 16.
13. Ross LE, McLean LM. Anxiety Disorders during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Systematic Review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(8): 1285–1298.
14. Stoll K, Swift EM, Fairbrother N, et al. A Systematic Review of Nonpharmacological Prenatal Interventions for Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety and Fear of Childbirth. Birth 2018; 45(1): 7–18.
15. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. NICE Quality Standard [QS 32] [cited 02.09.2023]. Available from URL: http://www. nice.org.uk/guidance/qs32/chapter/introduction-and-overview.
16. Cooper JE, World Health Organization. Pocket Guide to the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: With Glossary and Diagnostic Criteria for Research: ICD-10/DCR-10. American Psychiatric Pub; 1994.
17. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed revised. Washington: APA; 2000.
18. Sheen K, Slade P. Examining the Content and Moderators of Women’s Fears for Giving Birth: A Meta-Synthesis. J Clin Nurs 2018; 27(13–14): 2523–2535.
19. Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Toivanen R, et al. Group Psychoeducation with Relaxation for Severe Fear of Childbirth Improves Maternal Adjustment and Childbirth Experience – a Randomised Controlled Trial. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2015; 36(1): 1–9.
20. Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Bixo M, et al. Point Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders during the Second Trimester of Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189(1): 148–154.
21. Badaoui A, Kassm SA, Naja W. Fear and Anxiety Disorders Related to Childbirth: Epidemiological and Therapeutic Issues. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21(4): 27.
22. Ryding EL, Wirfelt E, Wängborg IB, et al. Personality and Fear of Childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007; 86(7): 814–820.
23. Zar M, Wijma K, Wijma B. Relations between Anxiety Disorders and Fear of Childbirth during Late Pregnancy. Clin Psychol Psychother 2002; 9(2): 122–130, doi: 10.1002/cpp.305.
24. Saisto T, Halmesmäki E. Fear of Childbirth: A Neglected Dilemma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82(3): 201–208.
25. Sjögren B, Thomassen P. Obstetric Outcome in 100 Women with Severe Anxiety over Childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76(10): 948–952.
26. Heimstad R, Dahloe R, Laache I, et al. Fear of Childbirth and History of Abuse: Implications for Pregnancy and Delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85(4): 435–440.
27. Ryding EL, Lukasse M, Parys A-S, et al. Fear of Childbirth and Risk of Cesarean Delivery: A Cohort Study in Six European Countries. Birth 2015; 42(1): 48–55.
28. Nieminen K, Andersson G, Wijma B, et al. Treatment of Nulliparous Women with Severe Fear of Childbirth via the Internet: A Feasibility Study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2016; 37(2): 37–43.
29. Mojs E, Czarnecka-Iwańczuk M, Głowacka MD. [The level of anxiety and depression in the early puerperium – preliminary communication]. Psychiatr Pol 2013; 47(1): 31–40.
30. Imakawa CSO, Nadai MN, Reis M, et al. Is It Necessary to Evaluate Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women? A Scoping Review. Rev Bras Ginecol E Obstetrícia 2022; 44: 692–700.
31. Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi J-E, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intervention in Fear of Childbirth. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98 (5, Part 1): 820–826.
32. Koo V, Lynch J, Cooper S. Risk of Postnatal Depression after Emergency Delivery. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2003; 29(4): 246–250.
33. Nerum H, Halvorsen L, Sørlie T, et al. Maternal Request for Cesarean Section Due to Fear of Birth: Can It Be Changed Through Crisis-Oriented Counseling? Birth 2006; 33(3): 221–228.
34. Watson JC, Gordon LB, Stermac L, et al. Comparing the Effectiveness of Process-Experiential with Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003; 71(4): 773–781.
35. Beebe KR, Lee KA, Carrieri‐Kohlman V, et al. The Effects of Childbirth Self‐Efficacy and Anxiety During Pregnancy on Prehospitalization Labor. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2007; 36(5): 410–418.
36. Kjærgaard H, Wijma K, Dykes A, et al. Fear of Childbirth in Obstetrically Low‐risk Nulliparous Women in Sweden and Denmark. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2008; 26(4): 340–350.
37. Farchione TJ, Fairholme CP, Ellard KK, et al. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Behav Ther 2012; 43(3): 666–678.
38. Adams S, Eberhard-Gran M, Eskild A. Fear of Childbirth and Duration of Labour: A Study of 2206 Women with Intended Vaginal Delivery. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 119(10): 1238–1246.
39. Reck C, Zimmer K, Dubber S, et al. The Influence of General Anxiety and Childbirth-Specific Anxiety on Birth Outcome. Arch Womens Ment Health 2013; 16(5): 363–369.
40. Sydsjö G, Angerbjörn L, Palmquist S, et al. Secondary Fear of Childbirth Prolongs the Time to Subsequent Delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92(2): 210–214.
41. Hildingsson I. Swedish Couples’ Attitudes towards Birth, Childbirth Fear and Birth Preferences and Relation to Mode of Birth – A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Sex Reprod Health 2014; 5(2): 75–80.
42. Laursen M, Johansen C, Hedegaard M. Fear of Childbirth and Risk for Birth Complications in Nulliparous Women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 116(10): 1350–1355.
43. Ryding EL, Lukasse M, Parys A-SV, et al. Fear of Childbirth and Risk of Cesarean Delivery: A Cohort Study in Six European Countries. Birth 2015; 42(1): 48–55.
44. Leeuw M, Goossens MEJB, Linton SJ, et al. The Fear-Avoidance Model of Musculoskeletal Pain: Current State of Scientific Evidence. J Behav Med 2007; 30(1): 77–94.
45. Rachman, S. The Conditioning Theory of Fearacquisition: A Critical Examination. Behav Res Ther 1977; 15(5): 375–387.
46. Mowrer OH. A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychol Rev 1939; 46(6): 553–565.
47. Aguilera-Martín Á, Gálvez-Lara M, Blanco-Ruiz M, et al. Psychological, Educational, and Alternative Interventions for Reducing Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77(3): 525–555.
48. Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Toivanen R, et al. Group Psychoeducation with Relaxation for Severe Fear of Childbirth Improves Maternal Adjustment and Childbirth Experience – a Randomised Controlled Trial. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2015; 36(1): 1–9.
49. Striebich S, Mattern E, Ayerle GM. Support for Pregnant Women Identified with Fear of Childbirth (FOC)/Tokophobia – A Systematic Review of Approaches and Interventions. Midwifery 2018; 61: 97–115.
50. Toohill J, Fenwick J, Gamble J, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Psycho-Education Intervention by Midwives in Reducing Childbirth Fear in Pregnant Women. Birth 2014; 41(4): 384–394.
51. Nieminen K, Andersson G, Wijma B, et al. Treatment of Nulliparous Women with Severe Fear of Childbirth via the Internet: A Feasibility Study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2016; 37(2): 37–43.
52. Rondung E, Ternström E, Hildingsson I, et al. Comparing Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Standard Care for Women with Fear of Birth: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Ment Health 2018; 5(3): e10420.
53. Rondung E, Ekdahl J, Sundin Ö. Potential Mechanisms in Fear of Birth: The Role of Pain Catastrophizing and Intolerance of Uncertainty. Birth 2019; 46(1): 61–68.
54. Jomeen J, Martin CR, Jones C, et al. Tokophobia and Fear of Birth: A Workshop Consensus Statement on Current Issues and Recommendations for Future Research. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2021; 39(1): 2–15.
55. Böhnlein J, Altegoer L, Muck NK, et al. Factors Influencing the Success of Exposure Therapy for Specific Phobia: A Systematic Review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108: 796–820.
56. Larsson B, Karlström A, Rubertsson C, et al. Counseling for Childbirth Fear – a National Survey. Sex Reprod Health 2016; 8: 82–87.
57. Farchione TJ, Fairholme CP, Ellard KK, et al. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Behav Ther 2012; 43(3): 666–678.
58. Arnberg FK, Linton SJ, Hultcrantz M, et al. Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatments for Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Their Efficacy, Safety, and Cost-Effectiveness. PLoS ONE 2014; 9(5): e98118.
59. Carlbring P, Andersson G, Cuijpers P, et al. Internet-Based vs. Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Psychiatric and Somatic Disorders: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cogn Behav Ther 2018; 47(1): 1–18.
60. Andersson G, Titov N. Advantages and Limitations of Internet-Based Interventions for Common Mental Disorders. World Psychiatry 2014; 13(1): 4–11.
61. Harris R. ACT Made Simple: An Easy-To-Read Primer on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Oakland (CA): New Harbinger Publications; 2019.
62. U-CARE [cited 02.03.2018]. Available from URL: https://www.u-care.se/.
63. Ben-Rafael S, Bloch M, Aisenberg-Romano G. Dual-Session Tokophobia Intervention, a Novel Ultrashort Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Protocol for Women Suffering From Tokophobia in the Third Term of Pregnancy. Cogn Behav Pract 2023; 30(3): 520–538.
Copyright: © 2024 Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
 
Quick links
© 2024 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.