Contrasts in prevalence and determinants of current tobacco smoking status among adults in Indonesia as indicated by the rural-urban place of residence

Introduction
The patterns of smoking addiction or exposure are not same in all places. This study aims to examine the determinants and patterns of current tobacco smoking (CTS) exposure among male and female adults at rural and urban places of residences.

Material and methods
Data set selected for this study covers a nationally representative sample of 8,146 respondents extracted from the Global Adult Tobacco (GATS) Survey-2011 Indonesia. The frequency distribution was used to introduce the response variable along with several independent variables with primary information. The chi-square test was executed to find the association between the study variable with different selected variables. In logistic regression, CTS exposure status of adults based on male and female with different places of residence was used as the response variable. Demographic and socioeconomic variables, health knowledge about CTS, attitude and perception of tobacco smoking (TS) restrictions were considered as predictor variables.

Results
Aged male adults (above 44 years old) were less exposure and females in all age groups were more exposure to tobacco smoking compared to reference group. Only female respondents who were living with large families of more than five members had higher risk to be exposed to CTS but females were less exposed compared to males in both rural and urban regions. Better education, higher wealth index, better health knowledge and practice of no smoking at home were associated with lower CTS exposure in all types of cases.

Conclusions
Prevention and control processes should not be neglected in public health policies. Smoking policy should be implemented and enforced by each parts of Indonesia.