Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in the cutaneous form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in infant

Introduction:
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an uncommon inflammatory and neoplastic condition of myeloid dendritic cells. Langerhans cell histiocytosis presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from single-system involvement to disseminated disease involving multiple organs. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical features, radiological findings, and histopathological examination. Positive immunohistochemical staining of lesional cells for CD1a and S100 is necessary for definitive diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Case report:
Herein, we describe the case of a male infant who presented with multiple erythematous-papular lesions covered with yellow scales on the scalp, temples and face and oozing erythematous and erosive lesions mainly on the abdomen, upper chest, groins, gluteal cleft and armpits.

Conclusions:
Further research is needed to unravel the underlying pathogenesis, develop standardized diagnostic criteria, and improve treatment strategies. Collaboration among various specialties, including dermatology, pediatrics, oncology, radiology, and pathology, is essential for optimal management and long-term follow-up of this complex entity.