Do magnetic field applications lead to improved bone union in light of Evidence- Based Medicine principles? Analysis of the scientific evidence from basic science to clinical research

Background
One of the widespread indications for using magnet therapy is impaired bone union or an attempt to accelerate the physiological process of osteogenesis. However, it must be noticed that the practical use of magnetic fields in patients after bone fractures overtakes clear clinical recommendations and indisputable scientific evidence

Aims
This article attempts to estimate the current state of knowledge on the effectiveness of magnetotherapy in the claimed range of injuries to the movement system.

Material and methods
The critical literature review analyzed bibliographic data for the past ten years. The resources of the following medical search engines were used – PubMed, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and Web of Science Core Collection.

Results
Both basic and clinical studies confirm the effectiveness of these physical treatments after bone fractures. However, it is difficult to say that the strength and level of evidence is high and satisfactory. According to our findings, the average PEDro score for the cited papers is 5.56, which could be a more satisfactory result. Randomized clinical trials with the highest rate (7-10 points on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale) are still needed. Magnetic field treatments can be used, although they only support standard management.

Conclusions
At this stage, it seems that for clinical purposes such as stimulating bone union and reducing pain, the most recommended is the use of a magnetic field with treatment parameters – magnetic induction of 1-10 mT, frequency up to 50 Hz, rectangular or sinusoidal waveform, single treatment time of 20-30 minutes, 5-7 treatments per week for several to several weeks.