Biology of Sport
eISSN: 2083-1862
ISSN: 0860-021X
Biology of Sport
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1/2022
vol. 39
 
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abstract:
Review article

Genetic characteristics of competitive swimmers: a review

Sigal Ben-Zaken
1
,
Alon Eliakim
2
,
Dan Nemet
2
,
Leonid Kaufman
3
,
Yoav Meckel
3

  1. Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
  2. Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
  3. Exercise Physiology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
Biol Sport. 2022;39(1):157–170.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.102868
Online publish date: 2021/04/01
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A successful swimming performance is a multi-factorial accomplishment, resulting from a complex interaction of physical, biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors, all of which are strongly affected by the special medium of water as well as by genetic factors. The nature of competitive swimming is unique, as most of the competitive events last less than four minutes. Yet training regimens have an endurance nature (many hours and many kilometres of swimming every day), which makes it impossible to classify swimming by definitions of aerobic-type or anaerobic-type events, as in track and field sports. Therefore, genetic variants associated with swimming performance are not necessarily related to metabolic pathways, but rather to blood lactate transport (MCT1), muscle functioning (IGF1 axis), muscle damage (IL6) and others. The current paper reviews the main findings on the leading 12 genetic polymorphisms (located in the ACE, ACTN3, AMPD1, BDKRB2, IGF1, IL6, MCT1, MSTN, NOS3, PPARA, PPARGC1A, and VEGFR2 genes) related to swimming performance, while taking into consideration the unique environment of this sport.
keywords:

Swimming, Sport, Environment, Performance, Genetic polymorphism

  
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