eISSN: 2449-8238
ISSN: 2392-1099
Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Subscription Contact Instructions for authors Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
Share:
Share:
Review paper

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: Characteristics and comparison of the main diagnostic modalities

Nikola Mumdzhiev
1, 2
,
Rumen V. Tenev
1, 2
,
Mariana P. Radicheva
1, 2

  1. UMHAT Prof. Stoyan Kirkovitch, Gastroenterology Department, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
  2. Trakia University, Medical Faculty, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Clin Exp HEPATOL 2024; 10, 4
Online publish date: 2024/12/02
Article file
- Minimal (1).pdf  [0.12 MB]
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy – definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 2002; 35: 716-721.
2. Atterbury CE, Maddrey WC, Conn HO. Neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose in the treatment of acute portal-systemic encephalopathy. A controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Am J Dig Dis 1978; 23: 398-406.
3. Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology 2014; 60: 715-735.
4. Romero-Gómez M, Boza F, García-Valdecasas MS, et al. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 2718-2723.
5. Patidar KR, Thacker LR, Wade JB, et al. Covert hepatic encephalopathy is independently associated with poor survival and increased risk of hospitalization. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 1757-1763.
6. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2022; 77: 807-824.
7. Gazda J, Drotar P, Drazilova S, et al. Artificial intelligence and its application to minimal hepatic encephalopathy diagnosis. J Pers Med 2021; 11: 1090.
8. Randolph C, Hilsabeck R, Kato A, et al. Neuropsychological assessment of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN practice guidelines. Liver Int 2009; 29: 629-635.
9. Morgan MY, Amodio P, Cook NA, et al. Qualifying and quantifying minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31: 1217-1229.
10. Amodio P, Campagna F, Olianas S, et al. Detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: normalization and optimization of the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score. A neuropsychological and quantified EEG study. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 346-353.
11. Pisarek W. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy – diagnosis and treatment. Prz Gastroenterol 2021; 16: 311-317.
12. Weissenborn K. PHES: one label, different goods?! J Hepatol 2008; 49: 308-312.
13. Weissenborn K, Ennen JC, Schomerus H, et al. Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 768-773.
14. Goldbecker A, Weissenborn K, Shahrezaei GH, et al. Comparison of the most favoured methods for the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy in liver transplantation candidates. Gut 2013; 62: 1497-1504.
15. Dhiman RK, Kurmi R, Thumburu KK, et al. Diagnosis and prognostic significance of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of liver. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2381-2390.
16. Elsass P, Christensen SE, Ranek L, et al. Continuous reaction time in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. A quantitative measure of changes in consciousness. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981; 16: 441-447.
17. Elsass P. Continuous reaction times in cerebral dysfunction. Acta Neurol Scand 1986; 73: 225-246.
18. Lauridsen MM, Thiele M, Kimer N, et al. The continuous reaction times method for diagnosing, grading, and monitoring minimal/covert hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28: 231-234.
19. Lauridsen MM, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Vilstrup H. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy characterized by parallel use of the continuous reaction time and portosystemic encephalopathy tests. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30: 1187-1192.
20. Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Verber MD, et al. Inhibitory control test is a simple method to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy and predict development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 754-760.
21. Gupta D, Ingle M, Shah K, et al. Prospective comparative study of inhibitory control test and psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score for diagnosis and prognosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients in the Indian subcontinent. J Dig Dis 2015; 16: 400-407.
22. Amodio P, Ridola L, Schiff S, et al. Improving the inhibitory control task to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 510-518, 518.e1-2.
23. Garavan H, Ross TJ, Stein EA. Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: an event-related functional MRI study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 8301-8306.
24. Konrad K, Gauggel S, Manz A, et al. Inhibitory control in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Brain Inj 2000; 14: 859-875.
25. Pliszka SR, Liotti M, Woldorff MG. Inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related potentials identify the processing component and timing of an impaired right-frontal response-inhibition mechanism. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 238-246.
26. Bajaj JS, Hafeezullah M, Franco J, et al. Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1591-1600.e1.
27. Amodio P, Schiff S, Del Piccolo F, et al. Attention dysfunction in cirrhotic patients: an inquiry on the role of executive control, attention orienting and focusing. Metab Brain Dis 2005; 20: 115-127.
28. Bajaj JS, Thacker LR, Heuman DM, et al. The Stroop smartphone application is a short and valid method to screen for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2013; 58: 1122-1132.
29. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sterling RK, et al. Validation of EncephalApp, Smartphone-Based Stroop Test, for the diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1828-1835.e1.
30. Allampati S, Duarte-Rojo A, Thacker LR, et al. Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy using Stroop EncephalApp: A multicenter US-based, norm-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 78-86.
31. Llinàs-Reglà J, Vilalta-Franch J, López-Pousa S, et al. Demographically adjusted norms for Catalan older adults on the Stroop Color and Word Test. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28: 282-296.
32. Yoon EL, Jun DW, Jeong JY, et al. Validation of the Korean Stroop Test in diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 8027.
33. Cunha-Silva M, Ponte Neto FL, de Araújo PS, et al. EncephalApp Stroop Test validation for the screening of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Brazil. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27: 100543.
34. Kaps L, Hildebrand K, Nagel M, et al. Validation of EncephalApp_Stroop as screening tool for the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in German patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46: 101873.
35. Campagna F, Montagnese S, Ridola L, et al. The animal naming test: An easy tool for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2017; 66: 198-208.
36. Labenz C, Beul L, Toenges G, et al. Validation of the simplified Animal Naming Test as primary screening tool for the diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Intern Med 2019; 60: 96-100.
37. Agarwal A, Taneja S, Chopra M, et al. Animal Naming Test – a simple and accurate test for diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy and prediction of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 6: 116-124.
38. Huang CH, Yu TY, Tseng WEJ, et al. Animal naming test is a simple and valid tool for detecting covert hepatic encephalopathy and predicting outcomes in Chinese-speaking regions: a preliminary study. Ann Med 2023; 55: 2236013.
39. Qu Y, Li T, Lin C, et al. Animal naming test for the assessment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Asian cirrhotic populations. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45: 101729.
40. Kircheis G, Wettstein M, Timmermann L, et al. Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2002; 35: 357-366.
41. Romero-Gómez M, Córdoba J, Jover R, et al. Value of the critical flicker frequency in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2007; 45: 879-885.
42. Weissenborn K. Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5 (Suppl 1): S54-S59.
43. Torlot FJ, McPhail MJ, Taylor-Robinson SD. Meta-analysis: The diagnostic accuracy of critical flicker frequency in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 527-536.
44. Lauridsen MM, Jepsen P, Vilstrup H. Critical flicker frequency and continuous reaction times for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a comparative study of 154 patients with liver disease. Metab Brain Dis 2011; 26: 135-139.
45. Sharma P, Sharma BC, Sarin SK. Critical flicker frequency for diagnosis and assessment of recovery from minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2010; 9: 27-32.
46. Maldonado-Garza HJ, Vázquez-Elizondo G, Gaytán-Torres JO, et al. Prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. Ann Hepatol 2011; 10 Suppl 2: S40-44.
47. Foley JM, Watson CW, Adams RD. Significance of the electroencephalographic changes in hepatic coma. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1950; 51: 161-165.
48. Parsons-Smith BG, Summerskill WH, Dawson AM, et al. The electroencephalograph in liver disease. Lancet 1957; 273: 867-871.
49. Amodio P, Quero JC, Del Piccolo F, et al. Diagnostic tools for the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: comparison of standard and computerized psychometric tests with spectral-EEG. Metab Brain Dis 1996; 11: 315-327.
50. Montagnese S, Jackson C, Morgan MY. Spatio-temporal decomposition of the electroencephalogram in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 447-458.
51. Guerit JM, Amantini A, Fischer C, et al. Neurophysiological investigations of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN practice guidelines. Liver Int 2009; 29: 789-796.
52. Chen HJ, Chen R, Yang M, et al. Identification of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis based on white matter imaging and Bayesian data mining. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36: 481-487.
53. Chen QF, Zou TX, Yang ZT, et al. Identification of patients with and without minimal hepatic encephalopathy based on gray matter volumetry using a support vector machine learning algorithm. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 2490.
54. Dickerson LK, Rouhizadeh M, Korotkaya Y, et al. Language impairment in adults with end-stage liver disease: application of natural language processing towards patient-generated health records. NPJ Digit Med 2019; 2: 106.
55. Duarte-Rojo A, Allampati S, Thacker LR, et al. Diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy: a multi-center study testing the utility of single versus combined testing. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34: 289-295.
56. Lauridsen MM, Mikkelsen S, Svensson T, et al. The continuous reaction time test for minimal hepatic encephalopathy validated by a randomized controlled multi-modal intervention – a pilot study. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0185412.
57. Stawicka A, Jaroszewicz J, Zbrzeźniak J, et al. Clinical usefulness of the Inhibitory Control Test (ICT) in the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 3645.
58. Stawicka A, Świderska M, Zbrzeźniak J, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a potential diagnostic marker in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 7: 117-124.
59. Thanapirom K, Wongwandee M, Suksawatamnuay S, et al. Psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Thai cirrhotic patients.
60. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 519.
61. Wunsch E, Koziarska D, Kotarska K, et al. Normalization of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in Polish population. A prospective, quantified electroencephalography study. Liver Int 2013; 33: 1332-1340.
62. Montagnese S, Balistreri E, Schiff S, et al. Covert hepatic encephalopathy: agreement and predictive validity of different indices. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 15756-15762.
63. Thomsen KL, Macnaughtan J, Tritto G, et al. Clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of cirrhotic patients with grade 1 and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0146076.
Copyright: © Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.
Quick links
© 2024 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.