Molecular mechanisms of lead toxicity

Lead is a ubiquitous xenobiotic metal and because of its widespread industrial use is one of the most serious environmental

pollutants. Lead is highly toxic and exposure to even low doses can produce adverse effects on all

living organisms. In humans, lead exposure can affect virtually all body systems, resulting in severe health problems.

On a molecular level, lead can alter or interfere with the activity of proteins and nucleic acids, ultimately

resulting in changes in cell metabolism and physiology leading to pathologic states. Lead can also affect the

functions of macromolecules, directly or indirectly, by inducing oxidative stress, which is regarded as a primary

factor in pathophysiology of lead exposure.