Objawy alarmowe, czynniki ryzyka wystąpienia raka przewodu pokarmowego i gotowość do udziału w endoskopowych badaniach przesiewowych

Introduction

Differences in interpretation of symptom significance by patients and doctors, as well as lack of basic health education in society, may be important factors jeopardizing prevention and early detection of gastrointestinal neoplasms. Some symptoms, such as dysphagia, anemia or signs of gastrointestinal bleeding, unintentional or inadequate weight loss, or a significant change in bowel habits, should be quickly diagnosed to exclude diseases that may seriously endanger the health or life of the patient. Still, there are no data reflecting the prevalence of these symptoms in the Polish population.

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Poland is 25-28/100 000/year, while gastric cancer incidence is 10-19/100 000/year. The 5-year survival rate for both cancers in Poland is relatively small [1]. This seems to be caused not by high incidence, but late detection of both cancers, often in the metastatic stage [2]. In Western countries no screening is recommended for gastric cancer and appearance of alarm symptoms often indicates an advanced neoplastic process. In contrast to gastric cancer, colorectal cancer can now be detected earlier due to screening programs implemented in many countries. In Poland, the state-funded colorectal cancer screening program, with colonoscopy as a primary screening tool, is addressed to people aged 50-65 years, in good general health and without suspected CRC. People aged 40-49 years are also eligible for the program if they have a family history of colorectal cancer.

An estimated 12% to 77% of patients accept colonoscopy as a screening test for CRC in other countries [3, 4]. There are still no data available on the acceptance of endoscopic procedures as a screening tool in the Polish population. This information plus identification of factors influencing patients’ readiness to be screened could help to tailor suitable interventions to decrease mortality from both gastric and colorectal cancer.

The problem of colorectal cancer, now the second most common cause of death from cancer in Western countries, was not adequately addressed in the public media in the 20th century. This seems to be the reason why many patients still underestimate the risk of this condition [4].

Simultaneously with the implementation of the national colonoscopic screening program for colorectal cancer, an awareness campaign was launched in Poland seeking to educate the general public about CRC risk factors, symptoms and prevention methods. Respected medical officials have been invited to appear in the public media to promote CRC screening; hospitals and outpatient clinics display posters encouraging patients’ participation in the program. The number of health-care centers involved in the colorectal cancer screening program increased from 6 to 40 during the first 4 years [5]. More than 100,000 participants are estimated to have undergone screening colonoscopy by the end of 2008. Such spread of information should result in increased acceptance of endoscopy as a screening method.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of alarm symptoms, as well as to establish the proportion of respondents with alarm symptoms who had already had some diagnostic procedures before the study. Moreover, we aimed to assess readiness to undergo endoscopic diagnostic procedures in people with uninvestigated alarm symptoms as well as to determine the proportion of the population without symptoms suggesting malignancy ready to participate in endoscopic screening for cancer. Some factors influencing this decision were also studied. The last question to answer was if the public awareness campaign increased readiness for endoscopic screening over the period studied.

Material and methods

This study was part of a larger project aiming at establishing the prevalence of abdominal symptoms in the Polish population [6]. A random sample of 1,100 residents was drawn from the registry of the population of the city of Otwock (43,000 inhabitants). Those individuals who agreed to participate in the study met the inclusion criteria if they were over 18 years old, mentally competent to be interviewed, able to understand, write and read in Polish. Out of the 1,100 inhabitants, 182 (17%) declined to take part in the study and 69 (6%) could not be contacted or did not meet the above criteria. The remaining 850 respondents, aged 21-76 years, were interviewed by trained interviewers. The study took 8 years between 2002 and 2009. Each participant answered an anonymous questionnaire including questions regarding demographic and anthropometric data, alarm symptoms, concomitant diseases, a family history of cancer, as well as nutritional habits, alcohol and tobacco use. There was also a question concerning readiness to undergo endoscopic screening for cancer (gastro- or colonoscopy). Respondents declaring their interest were asked to leave their contact information to be qualified for screening. The collected data were inserted into a Microsoft Office Excel 2007 database and then statistically analyzed using the methods of approximate confidence intervals, confidence intervals and one-sided confidence intervals, as well as confidence intervals for percentage non-conforming. All the intervals were constructed at 1 – α = 0.99 confidence level. Hypothesis verification procedures were applied: the null hypotheses of equality of two percentages (an approximation test), and the null hypotheses of no relationship between the measured features (a c2 test for independence).

The Yates’ correction was used in 2 × 2 tables. All the null hypotheses were verified at a significance level of α = 0.01.

Results

Three hundred and forty men and 510 women were interviewed (men 40%, women 60%). Respondents eligible for screening procedures (age 40-65) comprised 61% of the group (n = 520). Details are given in Table I. All respondents were white, 63% were married, 67% were professionally active. Most respondents had completed at least high school education (Figure 1). Overweight respondents (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m²) comprised 35.8% (n = 304), while obese (BMI > 30 kg/m²) comprised 14.5% (n = 123) of the group. Obesity was more common in men (men 19.4%, women 11.2%, p < 0.01). Diabetes (of any type) was present in 14.6% of respondents (n = 124). 36.1% (n = 307) of respondents smoked cigarettes, the habit being more common in men (men 50%, women 27%, p < 0.01). Former smokers comprised 14.2% of the group (n = 121). The average declared alcohol consumption was 31.15 units/month (one unit defined as the equivalent of 10 γ of pure ethanol, i.e. 20 ml of vodka, 85 ml of wine or 230 ml of beer). 66.5% of men and 44% of women admitted alcohol consumption. Alcohol abuse, defined as regular drinking > 14 units/ week for men and > 10 units for women, was found in 57 men and 10 women, which makes 7.9% of respondents.

Alarm symptoms (listed below) were recognized in 125 respondents, which makes 14.7% of the sample. Inadequate weight loss (> 10 kg) was present in 11, dysphagia in 21, painful swallowing in 18, persistent vomiting causing weight loss in 13, abdominal pain waking the patient up at night in 26, and rectal bleeding in 36 respondents. Thirty-one participants complained of constipation for a period of < 12 months, 7 respondents suffered from diarrhea lasting > 1 month. Eleven respondents had been diagnosed with anemia before the study. Details are shown in Figure 2. Among the respondents with alarm symptoms, diagnostic endoscopic procedures had been performed in 48% (n = 60). Fifty-two percent of respondents with alarm symptoms (n = 65) had not had any endoscopy before the study. Eighteen patients (14%) from the uninvestigated group were willing to undergo endoscopy, while 47 (38% of respondents with alarm symptoms) did not want any diagnostic procedures.

Out of the total of 850 respondents, 169 (20%) declared their willingness to undergo endoscopic screening. This willingness did not increase with age.

Eleven percent of women (n = 58) and 33% of men (n = 111) (p < 0.01) were willing to be screened by means of endoscopy. Willingness for screening was declared by 22% of respondents with BMI > 30 kg/m² and 20% of respondents with BMI < 30 kg/m² (NS), 15% of smokers and 23% nonsmokers (p < 0.01), 13% of alcohol abusers, and 20% of respondents who did not abuse alcohol (NS). There were no statistical differences in eagerness for endoscopy screening among former smokers and nonsmokers. Neither were there any differences among tea or coffee drinkers. Twelve percent of respondents with elementary education, 13% of respondents with trade school education, 23% of respondents with high school education and 20% with college education (with or without a completed degree) declared themselves willing to undergo screening endoscopy (p < 0.01). Twenty-nine percent of medical professionals and 19% of respondents with a nonmedical profession (NS), 34% of respondents with diabetes mellitus (DM, n = 42) and 18% of respondents without DM (non-DM, n = 127) were interested in screening (DM: 34%; non-DM: 18%; p < 0.01).

One hundred and fifty-one respondents had had some endoscopy in the past. Out of those with a previous endoscopy, 37% declared their interest in screening. Out of 699 respondents who had never experienced endoscopy, only 113 (16%) declared their willingness to participate in screening (p < 0.01). One hundred and ninty-one participants of the study had a family history of cancer. Out of this group, 63 people (33%) were ready to undergo screening. Out of 659 respondents without a family history of cancer, only 16% (n = 105) decided to participate in screening (33% vs. 16%; p < 0.01). Twenty-six respondents (3%) reported at least one case of colorectal cancer in their family. Among them, 58% (n = 15) wanted to have an endoscopic investigation. A family history of gastric cancer was present in 21 respondents (2%); 9 of them (43%) wanted to undergo endoscopy. Even though this percentage is high it is not of statistical significance.

Since the numbers of respondents reviewed in consecutive years differed significantly, we used 2-year intervals to assess the tendency in readiness to be screened. Details are given in Table II. Based on the collected data, no significant trend was observed in the study sample as regards increasing readiness. The rates increased in consecutive periods, but the groups were not homogeneous and the time series was too short to show a statistically significant trend.

Discussion

Even though the target group for screening (40-65 years old) was represented by the highest number of respondents, comparing the data from our study with the results of a national census or epidemiological studies held in cardiology confirms that the studied sample was representative for Poland and reflected the actual social structure in terms of professional activity or the prevalence of risk factors such as obesity or smoking [7, 8].

It is estimated that alarm symptoms are quite often ignored or even concealed by the patients, due to the embarrassing character of the complaints. According to published data, up to 81% of Poles “feel embarrassed by bowel problems to such an extent that they delay seeing their doctor to discuss their symptoms”. In other European countries, this embarrassment barrier is present in 39% to 91% of respondents [9].

In our study sample, almost 15% of respondents had alarm symptoms, a single symptom or a set of symptoms. Each of the investigated symptoms affected a small proportion of the study sample (from 0.8% in the case of chronic diarrhea to 4% for blood in the stool). According to some studies, in 10-11% of patients seeing their physicians for dyspeptic symptoms there is at least 1 alarm symptom which may be indicative of a serious disease [10, 11]. Most gastrointestinal cancers are asymptomatic until an advanced stage. Appearance of alarm symptoms usually means a late-stage and incurable condition. It is estimated that in the case of gastric cancer up to 27% of patients younger than 45 have no alarm symptoms at all [12-14]. On the other hand, a change in bowel habits does not necessarily mean colorectal cancer; an endocrine disease is one of the possible causes, and unusual bowel movements can also appear as a result of a change in one’s diet, physical activity or medications used. A small amount of blood in the stool where there are no abnormalities in laboratory findings most often means hemorrhoidal bleeding. On the other hand, among patients with minimal rectal bleeding without other alarm symptoms, up to 30% may have a significant problem, around 7% may have cancer and 8% adenomas [15]. In Talley’s paper, rectal bleeding (as the only symptom) was present in 13% of respondents and only 14% of them consulted a physician for this reason [16].

In our sample, more than half of the patients with alarm symptoms had not had any diagnostic procedures started before the study, and 38% of respondents with alarm symptoms refused diagnostic endoscopy even though their symptoms had never been investigated. This is a remarkable finding, possibly explaining the reason for late cancer detection in Poland. Therefore, it seems that improvement in cancer survival rates could be achieved by quite simple and cheap means: educating the general public that early detection usually saves lives.

Lifestyle, obesity, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and nutritional habits are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases [17]. Similar correlations have recently been proved with respect to etiopathology of gastric and colorectal cancers. Nutritional habits, smoking, lack of physical activity and obesity may be contributing factors in the development of different digestive tract neoplasms. Age, genetic factors, smoking, diet rich in salt and preservatives, and Helicobacter pylori infection are well-known and obvious risk factors for gastric cancer. New data have recently been published suggesting that increased BMI, lack of physical activity, smoking and alcohol abuse are also contributing factors for gastric cancer [18-22]. Very similar factors are reported to cause CRC. It has already been proved that age, family history, diet rich in protein and fat, as well as lack of activity, obesity and impaired metabolism of glucose increase the risk for colorectal cancer [23-26]. Some data show that smoking may be another contributing factor [27, 28]. A prospective study by Hannan et al. showed an increased risk of developing CRC in both current and former smokers [29]. Moreover, Lieberman et al. suggested that heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk of finding advanced colonic lesions in men [28].

Stomach cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the year 2000, CRC incidence took first place in Europe, with 304,687 new cases as compared to 301,090 new cases of lung cancer. The incidence of both colorectal and gastric cancer in Poland is still quite high and survival very low [30, 31]. Survival rates could be improved by early detection screening. In our study, readiness to undergo screening endoscopy (upper or lower) was declared by 20% of respondents. According to different surveys and depending on the population studied, colonoscopy as a screening test is accepted by 12% to 77% of respondents. This number depends on the gender of respondents, having a regular primary care physician, and the level of health awareness, as well as some other factors such as acceptance of other screening procedures, e.g. mammography [4, 32, 33].

Some interesting observations emerged from this study as regards factors influencing patients’ decision to participate in screening. Men three times more often declared themselves interested in screening endoscopy. However, according to the published outcomes of the national screening program in Poland, women participated in the program more often (women to men ratio 3 : 2), even though the program was addressed to both sexes equally. It seems that in the case of men, good intentions did not translate into action. Moreover, advanced lesions were more often found in men, putting men at higher risk than their female coevals [5]. Respondents suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM) declared their interest in screening endoscopy more often than respondents without diabetes (non-DM). This is an important observation, since diabetes is considered a risk factor for CRC. Furthermore, it has been shown that people with previous endoscopy considered undergoing screening tests twice as often. Probably fear of endoscopic procedures is lower in this group, which may generally encompass people who do not avoid doctors and have a more positive attitude towards all screening procedures.

Lower than high school education was associated with refusal to be screened, reflecting a logical conclusion that health awareness increases with the level of education. A three-fold greater readiness was observed in subjects with a family history of any cancer. Half of the subjects with a family history of CRC and 43% of respondents with relatives diagnosed with gastric cancer wanted to undergo screening endoscopy, but unfortunately these two groups were too small to prove any significance.

A disturbing tendency was observed in smokers and people abusing alcohol. Smokers declared almost twice as low readiness for screening, which may have its roots in their lifestyle associated with a more nihilistic attitude toward health. Similar conclusions were drawn by American authors, who found that smokers and alcohol abusers are less eager to participate in screening [34, 35]. These observations lead to the conclusion that a greater emphasis should be placed on the need to screen men, obese persons, smokers and alcohol abusers.

As mentioned above, after implementing the national colonoscopic screening program for colorectal cancer in Poland, an awareness campaign was launched in the public media. Nonetheless, in the period from 2002 to 2009 no significant increase in readiness for endoscopy screening was observed in our study sample. In different countries the percentage of people entering endoscopy screening programs ranges from 23% to 35% of the population to which the program is addressed [33, 36]. In our study less than 20% of the target population was interested in screening. In fact, since the Polish CRC screening program excludes individuals with symptoms suggesting colorectal cancer, the number of patients eligible for the screening would be less than 13% (at least 60 subjects would not be included – Figure 2).

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