Ocena stężenia parametrów stresu oksydacyjnego u dzieci i młodzieży z nieswoistymi zapaleniami jelit

Introduction


Oxidative stress is a state in which increased activity of oxygen free radicals occurs. It develops as a result of balance disturbances between production and removal of toxic oxygen derivatives. A substantial degree of balance disturbance in the system of oxidants and antioxidants can result in irreversible lesions in the body and can contribute to tissue damage in different diseases [1-3].
Free radicals (FR) are atoms or groups of atoms or molecules that have one or several free (not spare) electrons on their last orbital and it makes molecules significantly reactive. They are formed during processes of homological break concerning bonds in molecules of chemical compounds or as a result of electron transmission [4]. They join reactions with DNA, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins and damage them by electron collection, causing changes of their structure and function [5, 6].
The main free radicals are: anion radical peroxide (O2–), the most reactive and toxic hydroxide radical (hydroxylic) (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O2) and singlet oxygen (1 O2) (formed as a result of arousal of the oxygen molecule) and they share the name of reactive oxygen forms (ROF) [6].
The sources of ROF in physiological states are respiratory processes that proceed in mitochondria, where free radicals participate in biological reactions of oxidation and reduction in the respiratory chain and in regeneration concerning energy sources in the form of high-energy phosphorus compounds. Reactive oxygen forms that participate in the process of microorganism phagocytosis as an element of the NADPH oxidase system in cell membranes of phagocytes and neutrophils are a factor of organism defence. If more than enough of them are produced, they can damage cells, particularly endothelial cells of blood vessels and body tissues. Reactive oxygen forms initiate peroxidation of polyunsaturated and esterified fatty acids (PFA) creating cell membranes and they cause decay of lipid hydroxides. They contribute to accumulation of toxic metabolites of the peroxidation reaction and they induce generation of arachidonic acid metabolites, causing damage of cell membranes. Moreover, ROF increase aggregation and protein denaturation that results in humoral disturbances of immune mechanisms concerning the complement system and immuno-globulins [3].
The peroxidation process of free fatty acids proceeds as follows. An oxygen molecule is incorporated in the structure of membrane lipids. Radicals of lipid peroxides are formed and they can react with other unchanged lipids of cell membranes, forming next lipid radicals and lipid hydroperoxides. The presence of lipid hydroperoxides in membrane cells causes an increase of their permeability for protons and other ions, but in the case of intrinsic mitochondrial membranes it decreases the level of oxygen phosphorylation. Anion radical peroxide and iron ions are additional elements damaging cell membranes by participation in the process of lipid peroxidation of these membranes [7]. Malonic dialdehyde (MDA) is an indicator concerning process intensity of lipid peroxidation. Malonic dialdehyde is one of the final products of lipid peroxidation, often measured in many studies concerning problems of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation [8-10].


Aim


The aim of the study was to measure concentrations of selected parameters of oxidative stress in children and teenagers with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Material and methods


Ninety five patients between 10 and 18 years of age (average age 14.9 years) diagnosed and treated in the Chair and Department of Paediatrics, Allergology and Gastroenterology of Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz were qualified for the study.
Analysed patients were divided into the following groups:
• I – children and teenagers with Crohn’s disease in remission (n = 14),
• II – children and teenagers with ulcerative colitis in remission (n = 13),
• III – comparative group – children and teenagers in whom the above-mentioned diseases and other chronic diseases were excluded, without features of acute inflammation (n = 68).
Diagnosis of diseases and qualification for the groups were performed according to accepted diagnostic criteria.
The whole blood was collected from every patient at 8 a.m. Concentrations of products of lipid peroxidation were measured – compounds reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) (malonic dialdehyde – MDA) in erythrocytes, using the method of Placer et al., the whole blood concentration of anion radical peroxide released by activated granulocytes, using the method of Bellavite et al. and concentration of nitrogen oxide (NO) through determination of nitrites/nitrates concentrations in the blood, using the Griess reaction according to Marlett et al.
Results of the study were analysed statistically.

Results


Statistically significant differences concerning mean concentrations of malonic dialdehyde in group I in relation to the comparative group, similarly as in group II in relation to the comparative group, were not found. Precise data of this analysis are shown in Table I. Also statistically significant differences concerning mean concentrations of anion radical peroxide in group I in relation to the comparative group and in group II in relation to the comparative group were not observed (Table II). Also a statistically significant difference concerning mean concentrations of nitrogen oxide among patients from group I in relation to the comparative group and among patients from group II in relation to the comparative group was not proved. Precise data of this analysis are shown in Table III.

Discussion


Phagocytes are postulated to be the main source of oxygen free radicals in colitis, Crohn’s diseases, and ulcerative colitis [11].
5-Aminosalicylic acid, an active metabolite of sulfasalazine used as a drug in ulcerative colitis, is an excellent sweep of oxygen reactive forms. It seems that therapeutic effects of sulfasalazine at least partially depend on inactivation of ROF that are produced by enterocytes and phagocytes. More extensive incidence of neoplasia in the large bowel that occurs in this disease can also be ascribed to ROF as a factor causing mutagenesis [11-13].
Wojtysiak et al. [14] noted increased MDA concentration in the serum and erythrocytes in adult patients during the acute phase of ulcerative colitis in relation to the comparative group (healthy persons). During disease remission, serum MDA concentration was higher than in the comparative group, but lower than during the acute phase of the disease, while MDA concentration in erythrocytes was lower than in patients during the acute phase of the disease, but also lower than in the comparative group. Moreover, increased leucocytosis and increase of superoxide radical generation by granulocytes of peripheral blood in relation to the comparative group were observed during the acute phase of the disease. After treatment, during remission superoxide radical generation was lower than during the acute phase and also lower than in the comparative group. Also leucocytosis and granulocytosis in peripheral blood decreased.
Similar studies were performed by Dziki and Wojtysiak [15], who observed increased MDA concentration in the serum and in erythrocytes in patients during the active phase of ulcerative colitis in relation to the comparative group. Leucocytosis and granulocytosis in peripheral blood were increased. Also amounts of anion radical peroxide generated by neutrophils were increased. Concerning patients during remission, concentrations of analysed pro-oxidative factors did not differ statistically significantly from concentrations of these factors in the comparative group.
Ignyś et al. [10] revealed increased MDA concentrations in erythrocytes in children with ulcerative colitis before treatment with 5-ASA and gradual decrease of MDA concentrations after 3 and 6 months of treatment. MDA concentrations in the group of children suffering from Crohn’s disease and in the group of children with non-specific colitis were similar. The highest Malonic dialdehyde concentration before treatment was observed in the group of patients with non-specific colitis, but the lowest in the group of patients with ulcerative colitis. Malonic dialdehyde concentration decreased after treatment in every case, but it did not reach the concentration level of the comparative group (it was higher than in the comparative group).
Therefore it is possible to conclude that increased concentration of pro-oxidative indicators occurs in inflammatory bowel diseases. It was also revealed that this situation mainly appears during the acute phase of inflammatory bowel diseases, but concentrations of pro-oxidative factors decrease during treatment, reaching in some cases an equal or lower level than in the comparative group.
Our studies determined the concentration of several pro-oxidative factors, among all anion radical peroxide released by activated granulocytes, MDA in erythrocytes and NO in the serum of children suffering from ulcerative colitis in remission, and Crohn’s disease in remission. There were no proven statistically significant differences among concentrations of these above mentioned pro-oxidative factors in all analysed groups in relation to the comparative group.
The results of our studies did not correlate with previous observations of other researchers.
It is difficult to explain the differences among the results of these studies. Higher mean MDA concentrations were indeed observed in group II in relation to the comparative group, but statistical analysis did not show significance for this difference. Perhaps it would be possible to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in concentration of the studied parameter by comparing larger analysed groups.

Conclusions


On the basis of obtained results, it seems that pro-oxidative factors do not play an essential role in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases in children and teenagers.

References
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Address for correspondence:
Prof. Mieczysława Czerwionka-Szaflarska
MD, PhD, Chair and Department of Paediatrics,
Allergology and Gastroenterology,
Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Collegium Medium, Bydgoszcz
Nicolaus Copernicus Memorial University, Toruń,
9 Maria Skłodowska-Curie Street
85-094 Bydgoszcz
Poland
phone +48 52 585 48 50
e-mail: klped@cm.umk.pl