One week of exposure to sunlight induces progerin expression in human skin

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes sunburn, suppression of acquired immunity, photoageing and skin cancer. Erythema and immunosuppression are acute effects whereas cancers and photoageing develop many years later. Skin photodamage is a complex sequence of phenomena that lead to structural and functional changes which impair the skin’s adaptive and barrier functions. The skin is also important in social interactions and the development of strategies against skin photodamage plays a significant role in dermatological research and public health [1–4]. Ultraviolet radiation damages dermal collagen by inhibiting procollagen biosynthesis and the promotion of matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Single exposures to erythemal UVR cause a complete loss of procollagen synthesis, which persists for 24 h and with recovery at 48–72 h [4]. Studies on the genetic disorder Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (HGPs; progeria) have shown that the overexpression of progerin, a mutated form of laminin A (main nuclear matrix protein) leads to nuclear deformation and impairment of cell proliferation. The consequences of such deformation are an alteration of histone patterns, abnormal chromatin remodeling, reduction of DNA repair processes, increase in telomere shortening and overexpression of p53, all of which initiate early senescence [5]. In young healthy subjects, the progerin expression is observed in nuclei in the papillary dermis and in the basement membrane zone, while in elderly subjects it is also found in the reticular dermis [5]. However, there is the lack of literature on the influence of UVR on progerin expression in healthy subjects. Thus, we aimed to assess progerin expression in normal human skin exposed to UVR in real life to determine whether progerin expression may be considered as a molecular marker of skin dysregulation.
The Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Lodz approved the study and each participant gave written informed consent. The study was done according to the Declaration of Helsinki and subjects were recruited by the Dermatology Department of the Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
The study population comprised 30 healthy Caucasians from whom we took 4 mm diameter skin punch biopsies from the outer upper arm. All subjects were recruited by the Dermatology Department of the Medical University of Lodz, Poland. Exclusion criteria were a history of skin disease (including skin cancer), taking photosensitizing medication and sunbed/holiday sun exposure within the previous 4 months. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 15 elderly people with strong clinical evidence of photoaged skin (7 female, 8 male, mean age: 64.1 ±13.1 years; phototype II – n = 7 or III – n = 8). Group 2 comprised 15 healthy young adults (7 female, 8 male, mean age: 24.1 ±4.8 years, phototype II – n = 6 or III – n = 9) who participated in 6-day sun holiday in Tenerife (Canary Islands) Spain (28°N 16°W) in March 2011. The volunteers were not instructed on sunscreen use, which was not monitored to avoid any influence on their photoprotection habits. Participants had approximately 5 h of sun exposure every day between 09:00 to 17:00 local time. Two biopsies were taken from group 2; one 24 h before the holiday (group 2a) and 24 h after returning (group 2b).
Skin specimens were frozen at –80°C and stored until analysis. Progerin expression was assessed by immunohistochemical staining with a mouse monoclonal antibody (1 : 10 dilution, 66587 Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Histological morphometry was performed by computerized image analysis using a Pentagram graphics tablet (Indeo Fast card with true-colour real-time frame grabber produced by Indeo (Taiwan), and colour camera Panasonic (Japan) coupled to a Carl Zeiss microscope (Germany)). This system was programmed (MultiScan 8.08 software, produced by Computer Scanning Systems, Poland) to calculate the number of immunopositive cells (semiautomatic function). The microscopic images were saved serially and then quantitative examination was performed. The percentage of progerin positive cells was estimated in the dermis by counting 100 cells in ten monitor fields (0.029 mm² each), with a total assessment of 1000 cells per sample.
The results were compared by the Student’s t-test for independent samples after an evaluation of normality and homogeneity of variances with Levene’s test. Additionally the Mann-Whitney U test was used where appropriate.
Progerin was not present in young volunteers prior to sun exposure (group 2a). Its expression was exclusively nuclear in the other groups, mainly in dermal fibroblasts, and very rarely in keratinocytes. Table 1 shows that the expression of progerin was greatest in group 1 (mean value: 1.55 ±0.61 and was statistically higher than in group 2a (mean value: 0.00 ±0.0; p < 0.001) and group 2b (0.97 ±0.39; p < 0.03). There was more progerin in group 2b than 2a (p = 0.001). Figure 1 shows representative staining.
Progerin is highly expressed in HGP patients [6, 7] and a recent study has shown that progerin is also expressed in normal dermal ageing [7]. However, there are discrepancies in the literature. Mc Clintock et al. [8] did not find any association between progerin expression and age, but UVR exposure was not taken into account. It has been postulated that nuclear accumulation of progerin may be induced by UVR and involved in photoageing mechanisms. An in vitro study by Takeuchi and Rünger [9] showed that fibroblasts from older donors exposed to UVR accumulated more nuclear progerin than neonatal fibroblasts. It has also been shown that exposure to UVA, but not UVB, induces progerin expression in neonatal and aged fibroblasts. Progerin intensity and distribution differ with age. In our study, its distribution was similar in the elderly people and those with 1 week’s exposure to UVR. These data suggest a new pathway of photoageing. We have shown that 1 week’s sun exposure in healthy individuals is enough to significantly increase the expression of the protein in human dermis. To our knowledge this is the first in vivo study. Our data suggest that progerin may be a molecular marker of photoageing and the inhibition of progerin pathway may be regarded as a new therapeutic approach. The increase in progerin expression after 1 week of UVR exposure in normal life conditions (holidays) also strongly supports the need of photoprotection.

Acknowledgments

The study was funded by the National Center of Science grant no. 2012/05/B/NZ5/01885 and EC Framework 7 Programme under contract No. 227020: The Impact of Climate and Environmental Factors on Personal Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Human Health (ICEPURE) and Medical University of Lodz, project no. 503/5-064-01/503-01 and 503/1-152-01/503-01.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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