Introduction
Endometriosis is a condition in which the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus grows outside it. After Sampson et al. first reported the malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis in 1925, there has been a lot of research into the subject. The most common location of malignant endometriosis is the ovary, known as “endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma” (EAOC). However, because the ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity with room to expand before detection, they are most commonly discovered at a later stage, with a poorer prognosis. Because early detection of malignant endometriosis can greatly increase the 5-year survival of patients with EAOC [1], early prediction, diagnosis, intervention, and treatment of EAOC are very important. Herein, we present our experiences with the early diagnosis and treatment of MOE in EAOC patients.
Material and methods
Subjects
This retrospective study, carried out between July 2008 and February 2015, recruited 104 patients with EAOC, who underwent surgery in JinShan Branch of Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital of FuDan University into group 1, and 104 patients who were diagnosed with an ovarian endometriosis cyst and subsequently received surgery were used as a control sample, called group 2. All patients were without immune disease, metabolic disease, hypertensive disease, diabetes, and other gynaecological malignancies, and all patients did not receive hormone therapy. The two groups of patients were compared in terms of environmental exposure, living habits, and occupation, and the difference was not statistically significant
(p > 0.05).
Material and methods
Diagnostic criteria
MOE was diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of Sampson and Scott [2, 3]. The diagnosis is based on the following: 1) cancer tissues and ectopic endometrial tissue (EMT) coexist in the same lesion; 2) the cancer and EMT correlated; 3) there are no other related tumours; and 4) EMT malignancy progression is observed.
Data collection and analysis
The researchers filled in the answers using clinical record data from the hospital database of JinShan Branch of Shanghai No. 6 People’s Hospital and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital of Fudan University. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain clinical data of patients in both groups. Data collected included: general physical information, menstrual history, reproductive history, other medical history, first symptoms, tumour size, history of uterine fibroids, pathological diagnosis, family history of cancer, gynaecological examination, auxiliary examination, and prognosis.
With the single- and multi-variate analysis, the clinical data of the two groups were compared. (Based on the risk factors, the ROC curve analysis and logistic risk prediction regression equations were used to assess the malignant transformation efficiency. The researchers had access to personal identifying information, and informed consent and the related study were conducted according to Declaration of Helsinki.
Statistics
SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis. The qualitative indices were statistically described by frequency and rate, and the differences between groups were analysed by 2 test or Fisher test. The quantitative indices were statistically described by mean and standard deviation, and the differences between groups were statistically described by t-test. The non-normal quantitative index (Q1, Q3) was used for statistical description, and the differences between groups calculated using the Wilcoxon test. Multivariate regression analysis was performed using a logistic regression equation and backward stepwise regression method, and the inclusion criteria of variables in statistics was in the range of 0.05 the diagnostic analysis was undertaken with ROC curve and two-sided t-tests, with a significance threshold at p < 0.05.
Results
Clinical characteristics
Disease incidence and pathology
From July 2008 to February 2015, in JinShan Branch of Shanghai No.6 People’s Hospital and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital of FuDan University, there were 104 EAOC and 6,468 ovarian endometriosis cyst patients. The ratio of malignant transformation was 1.61%. Amongst 104 EAOC patients, there were 86 patients (82.69%) with ovarian clear cell carcinoma and endometrial adenocarcinoma, and amongst 29 ovarian endometrial adenocarcinoma patients, there were 7 patients with endometrial carcinoma. The number of other pathological types of MOE patients was 18 (17.31%). More comprehensive statistical data is shown in Table 1.
Age distribution
The age distribution of 104 EAOC patients is shown in Fig. 1.
As can be seen in Fig. 1, there were 85 EAOC patients (81.73%), the age range was 40 to 60 years old, and disease onset was around the time of menopause.
Patient characteristics
In a comparison of 26 research variables between the groups, there was no significant difference in cancer antigen 125 (CA125), the age of menarche, menstrual period, menstrual cycle, contraceptive method, application of hormone, delivery times, caesarean section, with endometrial carcinoma, with hypertension, and with diabetes mellitus. Statistically significant indicators are described in Table 2.
Risk factor analysis and risk prediction of EAOC
Single factor logistic regression analysis
The statistically significant variables in the two groups were taken as independent variables, the malignant or non-malignant state of ovarian endometriosis was taken as dependent variable, and the variables were analysed via non-conditional logistic regression. If the OR index of times of pregnancy, BMI, irregular vaginal bleeding, thyroid disease, myoma of uterus, and tumour serious fixation was above 2.0, this indicated increased risk of EAOC. If the AUC index of age, tumour size, menopause, disease duration, dysmenorrhoea, and multiple foci of endometriosis were above 0.7, this suggested they had predictive efficacy for MOE transformation. The ORs of each factor, AUCs, and 95% CIs are shown in Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis
The statistically significant variables in the two groups were taken as independent variables, the malignant or non-malignant state of ovarian endometriosis was taken as dependent variable, and the variables were analysed via non-conditional logistic regression and the stepwise “backwards” method. The selected criteria were < 0.05, exclusion criteria was > 0.05; times of pregnancy, tumour size, myoma of uterus, and multiple foci of endometriosis were taken as the independent risk factors of MOE, with the established logistic regression equation. The regression coefficients of each factor are shown in Table 4, logistic regression equation analysis of ROC curve for prediction of malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis are shown in Table 5.
When the diagnostic AUC corresponding to malignant lesions was 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.84-0.94), the results were statistically significant (p < 0.001). When logitP was above 0.629, the diagnostic sensitivity was 0.768, and specificity was 0.883. A detailed description of the data is given in Fig. 2.
Discussion
In recent years, both the incidence of endometriosis and malignant transformation of endometriosis have been increasing. Due to the limitations caused by tissue sampling and tumour tissue degradation of ectopic endometrial tissue samples, it is difficult to accurately estimate the actual endometriosis malignant transformation rate. The MOE transformation rate of 1.61% seen in our study is in agreement with the previous work of Vaima et al. [4], who described a transformation rate of 0.7-1.6%.
The ovary is the most common location of endometriosis, and is also the most common location of MOE. The common pathological types of MOE were clear cell carcinoma and endometrial cancer [5]. According to an analysis among normal subjects, ovarian cancer patients and patients with borderline ovarian tumours, Pearce et al. [6] found EMT was a significant risk factor for low grade serous adenocarcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC), and clear cell carcinoma (CCC), but showed no connection with mucinous ovarian carcinoma, or high grade serous carcinoma, or any borderline tumours.
In our research, the number of EAOC patients was 104, the number of ovarian clear cell carcinoma and ovarian endometrial adenocarcinoma patients was 86 (82.69%), 18 EAOC patients had other diagnoses (17.31%). The results were consistent with previous literature reporting that the major histological types undergoing MOE transformation were CCC and EAC.
Previous work demonstrated that the risk of malignancy was further increased in postmenopausal endometriosis patients. For example, one study reported that, of 11 MOE transformation patients, 8 were postmenopausal [7]. In the a paper by Shen YangMei, the proportion of EAOC patients was 59.2%, the age range of patients was between 44 and 57 years, and the median age was 49 years [8]. In our research, the percentage of post-menopausal patients in all 104 EAOC patients was 41.35%. The percentage of patients aged between 40 and 60 years old was 81.73%, the average age of patients were 49.57 ±9.47 years. Therefore, in our study, ovarian endometriosis affected both perimenopausal and postmenopausal patients approximately equally.
The research of Erzen et al. has shown that cancer rate increases with the duration of endometriosis, the study from the Swedish National Cancer Institute including 20686 patients (average age 38.8 years) with endometriosis revealed that the risk of malignant transformation increased with duration of disease. The average age of malignant transformation in the study was 52.3 years [9]. In our research, among the 104 EAOC patients, the number of patients with a history of ovarian endometriosis (OEMs) was 38 (36.54%), the longest duration of OEMs disease was 23 years, and the average duration of OEMs disease was 10 years. The ROC curve of EAOC disease was 0.85, which indicated that malignant risk increased with OEMs disease duration.
It was well known that a high concentration of oestrogen is one of the contributory factors to endometriosis. Gumiskey et al. [10] found that the oestrogen receptor densities of premenopausal and postmenopausal endometriosis patients were similar, while the endometriosis malignant transformation in postmenopausal patients could be activated by high oestrogen concentrations. The oestrogen in postmenopausal women mainly came from exogenous hormone intake or peripheral conversion of adrenal androstenedione in adipose tissue. Therefore, if endogenous oestrogen levels in postmenopausal obese endometriosis patients were high, even without exogenous oestrogen stimulation, the rate of malignant transformation could also be increased [11]. After menopause, if the BMI value is elevated, this could indicate increased risk of OEM malignant transformation. Our data also revealed that thyroid disease is another risk factor for malignant transformation, although the mechanism is not clear and requires further study. Notably, this association has not previously been reported in the literature.
Multivariate logistic regression suggested that times of pregnancy, tumour size, myoma of uterine, and multiple foci of endometriosis were independent risk factors for EAOC. The ROC curve of logistic regression was 0.89. When logitP was over 0.629, the diagnostic sensitivity was over 0.768, and the specificity was over 0.883, which suggests higher prediction efficiency. In our results, the mean cyst size in MOE patients was 9.12 ±4.12 cm. Other studies have suggested that if the cyst diameter was over 8 cm, MOE risk could increase up to 870% [12].
Blumenfeld et al. [13] showed that when patients with endometriosis were exposed to excessive hormone therapy, malignant transformation risk was significantly increased, suggesting oestrogen replacement therapy could be a risk factor for MOE [14]. Uterine
fibroid disease is associated with excessive oestrogen stimulation, and in our report uterine fibroids were an independent risk factor for MOE. This indirectly implicates that the level of oestrogen could be high with MOE. There were some reports about multiple foci of endometriosis being an independent risk factor for EAOC, and the ectopic endometrial cells growth and invasion tendency of EAOC patients were more obvious.
Some research suggested that early menarche, short menstruation period, late menopause, and higher pregnancy frequency increased risk of endometriosis and malignant transformation of endometriosis. Melin et al. found the prevalence of malignant transformation of endometriosis increases with longer infertility time, the longer the duration of endometriosis, or the lower age of onset of endometriosis [15]. In our research, comparing EAOC patients with control subjects, there were no statistically significant effects of age of menarche, menstruation period, frequency of menstrual period, age of menopause, or delivery times. It was suggested that higher pregnancy frequency was an independent risk factor for EAOC, perhaps implying that abnormal endometrial counter-current transfer caused by abortion, or hormone level changes, or inflammation might be the reason for the occurrence of malignant transformation of endometriosis. For example, the research of Banz et al. suggested a connection between inflammation and malignant transformation of endometriosis [16].
In conclusion, early age of onset, long duration of disease, obesity, dysmenorrhea, perimenopause and menopause, irregular vaginal bleeding, gynaecological examination of tumour fixation, tumour diameter over 80 mm, rapid increase in tumour size, the number of abortions, myoma of uterus, thyroid disease, and multiple foci of endometriosis were risk factors for MOE transformation. These risk factors have the potential to be predictive clinical markers.
To optimise early diagnosis and treatment, and to improve patient morbidity and mortality, it will be necessary to implement a risk-assessment score into the existing logistical framework, with close monitoring and follow-up to ensure changes are implemented.
Disclosure
Authors report no conflict of interest.
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