Plazmocytarne zapalenie błon śluzowych – rzadka diagnostyka różnicowa zmian w obrębie błon śluzowych jamy ustnej

INTRODUCTION

Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is a rare, benign, idiopathic condition of the mucous membranes, which can involve the genital epithelium, oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Zoon was the first to describe infiltration of mucous membranes by plasma cells [1]. In 1952 this reported condition was named ‘chronic circumscribed benign balanoposthitis with plasmacytes’. The lesions in all of the described cases were localized on the glans penis. So far plasmacytic infiltration of mucous membranes has been presented under various names related to the area where accumulation of plasma cells was found. In the stomatological literature there are many descriptions of cases with changes located on gingiva reported as atypical gingivostomatitis [2], idiopathic gingivostomatitis [3] or allergic gingivostomatitis [4]. These cases are considered as a part of the spectrum of plasma cell orificial mucositis. In 1960, Schuermann proposed the designation ‘plasmacytosis circumorificialis’ to standardize the nomenclature [5]. Finally in 1986, White et al. suggested the term ‘plasma-cell orificial mucositis’ [6].

OBJECTIVE

To present a case of PCM and draw attention to PCM as a differential diagnosis of erosions and ulcerations of the oral mucous membrane.

CASE REPORT

A 74-year-old woman, who suffered from arterial hypertension, diabetes type 2 and coronary heart disease, was admitted to the Dermatology Department due to erosions located on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity associated with chronic pain, difficulty with swallowing and mouth opening. The lesions appeared 5 months prior to hospitalization and according to the patient were connected with tooth extraction. The patient denied using chewing gum, herbal toothpaste or strong spices. The changes had been treated previously with topical antifungal agents, topical corticosteroid and topical and oral antibiotics without improvement.
Examination revealed swollen gingiva and lips. On the palate and the inner surface of the cheeks erosions and erythematous and edematous faintly demarcated lesions not bleeding on provocation were present (Figure 1). The changes were tender on palpation.
The differential diagnosis included pemphigus vulgaris, cicatricial pemphigoid, lichen planus, fungal infection and contact dermatitis. Pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies as well as antinuclear antibodies were negative. Absence of fungal hyphae on microscopic examination and no growth on culture excluded fungal infection. Serum protein electrophoresis was within normal limits. Patch tests with contact allergens were performed, but they did not identify potential allergens. The biopsy was taken from the buccal mucosa. The direct immunofluorescence examination was negative. Histopathologic examination revealed plasma cell infiltrate with no cellular atypia. There was no histopathological evidence of blistering disease, lichen planus or chronic ulcerative stomatitis (Figure 2). The diagnosis of plasma cell orificial mucositis was established based on clinical and histopathological data and also on the exclusion of other diseases. The patient was treated with oral corticosteroids (prednisone in an initial dose of 40 mg/day), which provided relief. Unfortunately, while reducing the dose the lesions regressed. Based on literature reports, during the next hospitalizations the patient was treated with methylprednisolone (3 i.v. infusions in a dose of 0.5 g, a total dose of 1.5 g), but due to side effects (Cushing’s syndrome and atrial fibrillation requiring cardioversion) we decided to discontinue this therapy. Presently the patient is still undergoing treatment with oral prednisone in a dose of 15 mg/day and tacrolimus 0.1% ointment with partial recovery.

DISCUSSION

Plasma cell mucositis is a rare condition with less than 50 cases reported. The origin of the disease is unknown. The lesions may occur in the unchanged epithelium (idiopathic, isolated PCM) [7] as well as on the base of inflammatory skin diseases (lichen planus, lichen sclerosus) or epidermal neoplasia (Bowen disease, squamous cell carcinoma) [8]. In many cases patients with PCM also had a history of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, Sjogren syndrome and autoimmune hepatitis [9]. Our patient did not suffer from any autoimmune disease.
The clinical picture of the disease varies and is connected with localization of lesions. In the present case, swollen lips and gums were observed. The mucous membranes are intensely erythematous with the surface described as cobblestone, wart-like, nodular or papillomatous [9, 10]. The most frequent symptoms include oral pain, difficulty with swallowing, mouth opening and persistent hoarseness. When lesions are localized on the larynx and trachea, dysphonia may occur. The above-mentioned symptoms except dysphonia were present in our patient.
Plasma cell mucositis is a diagnosis of exclusion based mainly on histopathological examination. The differential diagnosis of plasma-cell orificial mucositis includes allergic or contact mucositis, pemphigus vulgaris, cicatricial pemphigoid, lichen planus, fungal infection, plasmoacanthoma and syphilis [11]. To exclude most of those diseases many diagnostic tests, as in the reported case, should be performed: mycological examination, serologic tests for syphilis, patch tests, histopathological and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) examinations, serum protein electrophoresis, pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies as well as antinuclear antibodies.
In our case absence of fungal hyphae on microscopic examination, no growth on culture and no response to treatment with antifungal agents excluded fungal infection. The suspicion of blistering diseases was not confirmed. In histopathological and DIF examinations there was no evidence of pemphigus or pemphigoid. Also pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies were negative. We excluded allergic and contact dermatitis. Patch tests did not identify any allergen.
Microscopically in PCM, a dense subepithelial infiltrate of plasma cells is described. In many cases, plasma cells are not predominant in the infiltrate. The presence of other inflammatory cells, especially leukocytes and lymphocytes, is common. Also Russell bodies (immunoglobulin within cytoplasm of plasma cells) can be occasionally noted [11, 12]. The histopathological picture of PCM can mimic many diseases such as multiple myeloma, extramedullary plasmacytoma (EXM), or Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. In both PCM and EXM there is a diffuse infiltrate of plasma cells in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. Tissue biopsy showing monoclonal plasma cell histology and presence of atypical plasma cells may arouse the suspicion of extramedullary plasmacytoma. Plasma cell mucositis should also be distinguished from plasma cell gingivitis. Plasma cell gingivitis is a rare, benign condition, which is thought to be a hypersensitivity response. Many authors claim that it is an immunological reaction to allergens present in toothpaste, mint pastels, chewing gum, khat, food flavoring allergens and oral care products [13–15]. Our patient used dentures, but removal of them did not result in improvement.
Treatment of PCM is based mainly on relieving symptoms. Many methods of treatment have been reported, including topical [13] systemic [10] and intralesional [6, 14] corticosteroids, and pulses of corticosteroids [9]. In some reported cases application of corticosteroids resulted in partial [15, 16] or complete [13, 17] regression. Antibiotics [16] and antifungals [6, 18] have also been used to treat PCM. Some of the authors also used destructive therapy: electrocoagulation, surgical excision [12, 18], carbon dioxide laser and cryotherapy [19]. Topical tacrolimus has been reported to have a beneficial effect in treatment of a plasma cell infiltration of the lower lip [20, 21]. In most of the reported cases treatment resulted in stabilization of disease without regression.

CONCLUSIONS

Mucous membrane plasmacytosis is a diagnosis of exclusion, distinguished primarily on the histopathologic finding of a marked submucosal plasma-cell infiltrate, after conditions such as infection and plasmacytoma have been eliminated. The best treatment for mucous membrane plasmacytosis is also unclear, with inconsistent data from trials with corticosteroids, antibiotics, radiation, ablative therapy, and surgical excision. The PCM should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of erosions on the mucous membrane.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Received: 12 V 2015
Accepted: 24 IX 2015