Introduction
Surgery is the principal treatment for patients with anterior mediastinal tumour (AMT) [1–3]. The good prognosis of patients with AMT depends on the completeness of resection. Thoracoscopic surgery has been widely used for the treatment of various thoracic diseases such as lung cancer [4], oesophageal cancer [5], and AMT [1] with the development of medical devices and techniques. Hsu first reported the case of thoracoscopic thymectomy via subxiphoid approach in 2002 and found that VATS via subxiphoid approach has several advantages including multi-angle surgical view, less trauma, less bleeding, shorter postoperative length of hospital stay, and faster postoperative recovery [6, 7]. Thus, subxiphoid uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has gradually been used more widely in the treatment of AMT.
As the prevalence of being overweight and obesity has grown over the past few decades [8, 9], more and more obese patients have received clinical surgery. Body mass index (BMI), which acts as an indicator of body fat, has been reported to be related with adverse outcomes, including metabolic, respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal, which can adversely impact surgical outcomes to a certain extent [10]. Some researchers demonstrated that obesity is an important risk factor for postoperative complications, and the rate of postoperative complication in obese patients is higher than that in patients with normal weight [11–14]. However, some other researchers disagreed with that and pointed out that obesity did not affect postoperative complications in some surgery [15–18]. So far, whether a higher BMI can compromise surgical outcomes via subxiphoid uniportal VATS in patients with AMT is unclear.
In this retrospective study, 30 obese patients and 112 non-obese patients experiencing subxiphoid uniportal VATS for AMT were reviewed to determine the safety and usefulness of VATS via subxiphoid approach for AMT in obese patients.
Aim
The aim of present study was to explore the safety and short-term outcome of subxiphoid uniportal VATS for AMT in obese patients.
Material and mthods
Patients
A total of 142 patients with AMT were enrolled from July 2015 and July 2020. All of them were treated via subxiphoid uniportal VATS. These patients were retrospectively reviewed and analysed. The present study was approved by the local institutional review board. Patients were divided into two groups according to BMI: non-obese group (BMI < 28 kg/m2) and obese group (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2).
Surgical technique
Subxiphoid uniportal VATS was performed as described in previous literature [1, 19]. Briefly, the patient under general anaesthesia was placed in a lithotomy or supine position with their legs spread. Then, a small transverse skin incision was typically made 1-2 cm below the lower edge of the xiphoid. GelPOINT®Mini (Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, USA) was inserted and fixed at the incision site. Three subports were inserted into the GelPOINT®Mini platform. A camera scope and forceps were inserted into the three subports, and the operation was performed using only the subxiphoid incision.
Results
Demographics
Patient’s demographic and clinical characteristics were described in Table I. A total of 142 patients with a mean age of 53.8 years (20–75 years), including 76 male patients and 65 female patients, were enrolled. The mean BMI was 25.1 ±3.5 kg/m2. There were 30 (21.1%) obese patients, and the remaining 112 (78.9%) were non-obese. The mean BMI of obese group and non-obese were 29.2 ±2.4 and 23.4 ±1.3 kg/m2. There was a higher rate of type II diabetes in the obese group compared with the non-obese group (28.1% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in gender, ages, the incidence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, and postoperative pathological types between the obese patients and non-obese patients.
Table I
Clinical features of patients in the non-obese group and obese group
Analysis for surgical features
The comparisons of surgical features between non-obese and obese groups were described in Table II. There was no obvious difference in intraoperative blood loss, chest tube drainage time, chest tube drainage volume, and length of hospital stay between the obese group and non-obese group (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, obese patients experienced significantly longer tracheal intubation time and operative time than non-obese ones (p < 0.05).
Table II
Comparison of surgical features between obese group and non-obese group
Postoperative complications
Postoperative complications are shown in Table III. There was no significant difference in the rates of postoperative complications between the obese group and non-obese group (12.7% vs. 15.6%, p = 0.14). In addition, mean BMI was similar in patients with and without postoperative complications (24.78 ±2.9 vs. 24.26 ±3.2 kg/m2, p = 0.57). Seven (6.4%) patients had postoperative pulmonary complications. Pulmonary complication rates were similar in the obese and non-obese groups (6.4% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.73). We found no statistically significant increase in the odds ratio for complications in the obese group. In addition, the pain scores of 3 days, 7 days, and 15 days after operation also had no obvious difference between obese patients and non-obese patients (p > 0.05, Table IV).
Discussion
Subxiphoid uniportal VATS has been widely used in different kinds of thoracic procedures, such as thymectomy, lobectomy, and resection of AMT [20]. Moreover, VAST is safe and reliable for large and invasive primary mediastinal tumours [21]. VATS via subxiphoid approach does not require sternotomy [22]. Thus, subxiphoid uniportal VATS is associated with less pain, less trauma, faster postoperative recovery, fewer complications, and better short-term and long-term outcomes [23, 24]. However, the use of subxiphoid uniportal VATS for AMT resection in obese patients has not been reported so far. Herein, we described the safety of subxiphoid uniportal VATS for AMT in obese patients.
The potential effects of obesity on outcomes after surgery have received increasing attention [25, 26]. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between obesity and outcomes of subxiphoid uniportal VAST for AMT. With regard to the feasibility of VAST for obese patients, we conducted a retrospective study on 142 patients with AMT receiving subxiphoid uniportal VAST and found that VAST via subxiphoid approach for AMT in obese patients was safe and useful. In this study, we found that obese patients tended to have longer operative time. The operative time and anaesthesia time are important risk factors for postoperative complications. Patients with postoperative complications experienced significantly longer operative time than uncomplicated patients according to previous literature [27]. Thus, prolonged operative time may lead to a higher rate of postoperative complications, especially in elderly patients [28]. In the present study, although obese patients experienced longer operative time, there was no difference in postoperative complications between obese and non-obese patients. This may be due to the small increase in operative time in obese patients compared to non-obese patients. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups on pain score, which both still had a high level at 7 days and 15 days after surgery. We consider this for the following reasons. The incision was made in the thoracoabdominal junction which is usually related to great tension leading to the highest initial pain intensity. The post-operation analgesia method was set by flurbiprofen axetil via continuous infusion twice for 3 days followed by loxoprofen sodium via oral administration for 7 days. The analgesic effect of loxoprofen sodium was weaker than that of flurbiprofen axetil, so we noticed a slow decrease in pain intensity over time. Meanwhile, some discomfort during the hospital stay might have masked the pain, hence the pain score was still at a high level 7 days after surgery.
There are some limitations to this study. Firstly, the number of patients in the obese and non-obese groups was unequal. Secondly, the sample size was not large enough, and more patients should be enrolled in a following study. Thirdly, patients in this study were collected from a single centre, and multiple centres should be investigated for further studies. Lastly, the follow-up time was relatively short, and prolonged follow-up time should be performed to verify the present results.
