1. Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O’Malley G, et al. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10: 351-365.
2.
Bendor CD, Bardugo A, Pinhas-Hamiel O, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity, diabetes and cancer risk among children and adolescents with severe obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19: 79.
3.
La Garf S, Negre V, Anty R, et al. Metabolic fatty liver disease in children: a growing public health problem. Biomedicine 2021; 9: 1915.
4.
Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology 2023; 78: 1966-1986.
5.
Wasilewska N, Lebensztejn DM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lipotoxicity. Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 7: 1-6.
6.
Marra F, Svegliati-Baroni G. Lipotoxicity and the gut-liver axis in NASH pathogenesis. J Hepatol 2018; 68: 280-295.
7.
Kopiczko N, Bobrus-Chociej A, Harasim-Symbor E, et al. Serum concentration of fatty acids in children with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrition 2022; 94: 111541.
8.
de Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, et al. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2015; 351: h3978.
9.
Monteiro J, Leslie M, Moghadasian MH, et al. The role of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the manifestation of the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Funct 2014; 5: 426-435.
10.
Ni Y, Zhao L, Yu H, et al. Circulating unsaturated fatty acids delineate the metabolic status of obese individuals. EBioMedicine 2015; 2: 1513-1522.
11.
Forouhi NG, Imamura F, Sharp SJ, et al. Association of plasma phospholipid n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with type 2 diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13: e1002094.
12.
Steffen BT, Steffen LM, Tracy R, et al. Obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and markers of inflammation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36: 797-804.
13.
Hua MC, Su HM, Lai MW, et al. Palmitoleic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids are positively associated with abdominal obesity and increased metabolic risk in children. Front Pediatr 2021; 9: 628496.
14.
Flannagan KS, Ramírez-Zea M, Roman AV, et al. Adipose tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids and metabolic syndrome among adult parents and their children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28: 1237-1244.
15.
Matsuda M, Kawamoto T, Tamura R. Predictive value of serum dihomo-γ-linolenic acid level and estimated Δ-5 desaturase activity in patients with hepatic steatosis. Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 11: 34-43.
16.
Jiang Z, Hayashi T, Kashima K, et al. Alteration of serum phospholipid n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the Japanese population: a cross-sectional study. Lipids 2020; 55: 599-614.
17.
Hua MC, Su HM, Yao TC, et al. Alternation of plasma fatty acids composition and desaturase activities in children with liver steatosis. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0182277.
18.
Kulaga Z, Litwin M, Tkaczyk M, et al. The height-, weight-, and BMI-for-age of Polish school-aged children and adolescents relative to international and local growth references. BMC Public Health 2010; 10: 109.
19.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412-419.
20.
Di Martino M, Koryukova K, Bezzi M, et al. Imaging features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents. Children (Basel) 2017; 4: 73.
21.
Tarasów E, Siergiejczyk L, Panasiuk A, et al. MR proton spectroscopy in liver examination of healthy individuals in vivo. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8: 36-40.
22.
Tsurutani Y, Inoue K, Sugisawa C, et al. Increased serum dihomo-γ-linolenic acid levels are associated with obesity, body fat accumulation, and insulin resistance in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Intern Med 2018; 57: 2929-2935.
23.
Fekete K, Györei E, Lohner S, et al. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2015; 16: 488-497.
24.
Warensjö E, Ohrvall M, Vessby B. Fatty acid composition and estimated desaturase activities are associated with obesity and lifestyle variables in men and women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 16: 128-136.
25.
Kawashima A, Sugawara S, Okita M, et al. Plasma fatty acid composition, estimated desaturase activities, and intakes of energy and nutrient in Japanese men with abdominal obesity or metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2009; 55: 400-406.
26.
Del Pozo MDP, Lope V, Criado-Navarro I, et al. Serum phospholipid fatty acids levels, anthropometric variables and adiposity in Spanish premenopausal women. Nutrients 2020; 12: 1895.
27.
Xu L, Zou X, Gao Z, et al. Improved fatty acid profile reduces body fat and arterial stiffness in obese adolescents upon combinatorial intervention with exercise and dietary restriction.
28.
J Exerc Sci Fit 2021; 19: 234-240.
29.
Okada T, Sato NF, Kuromori Y, et al. Characteristics of obese children with low content of arachidonic acid in plasma lipids. Pediatr Int 2007; 49: 437-442.
30.
Steffen LM, Vessby B, Jacobs DR, et al. Serum phospholipid and cholesteryl ester fatty acids and estimated desaturase activities are related to overweight and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 1297-1304.
31.
Fridén M, Rosqvist F, Kullberg J, et al. Associations between fatty acid composition in serum cholesteryl esters and liver fat, basal fat oxidation, and resting energy expenditure: a population-based study. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114: 1743-1751.
32.
Spahis S, Alvarez F, Dubois J, et al. Plasma fatty acid composition in French-Canadian children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 99: 25-34.
Copyright: © Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.