The efficacy and economical benefits of blood patch pleurodesis in secondary spontaneous pneumothorax patients

Introduction

Spontaneous pneumothorax is the presence of air within the pleural space, without any intervention or trauma. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is seen in patients with no previous underlying lung disease. Secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces (SSP) develop in patients with an underlying lung disease or pathology [1].
Persistent air leak seen after SSP or pulmonary resections is one of the most challenging problems in modern thoracic surgery [2]. Despite being a cause for other infective pulmonary complications, prolonged hospital stay or increased expenses, there have been controversies over the optimal treatment of this devastating complication [2, 3]. It has been advised in recent guidelines that SSP patients with persistent air leak on the 48th hour after under water-seal tube thoracostomy should be evaluated by a thoracic surgeon and surgery may be planned after 3 days [4, 5].
After being described by Robinson in 1978 [6] as instillation of someone’s own blood into the pleural space, autologous “blood patch” pleurodesis has successfully been used for treating persistent prolonged air leaks after pulmonary resections and in spontaneous pneumothorax patients [7-9].
In this paper, our clinical outcomes, recurrence rates, and possible economical benefits of patch pleurodesis in SSP patients have been given, with a review of latest literature.

Material and methods

Patient selection

All first-episode SSP patients with radiologically expanded lungs but persistent air leak on the 72nd hour, despite a properly placed chest tube are included in the study (Fig. 1). After the written informed consent of each patient was given, data files of eligible 31 (9 female, 22 male) out of 587 pneumothorax patients admitted to our clinic between January 2010 and June 2013, were examined retrospectively in terms of primary lung disease, timing and success rate of pleurodesis, recurrence of pneumothorax, hospital length-of-stay (LOS), procedure related complications, and additional interventions required.

Pleurodesis technique

Blood “patch” pleurodesis was accomplished for all SSP patients with resistant air leak on the 3rd day of drainage, prior to any surgical intervention. According to the method described in previous publications [2, 6], 50 cc of blood is drawn from the patient’s median cubital or cephalic vein, and injected directly into the chest drain aseptically, without applying any analgesics or sedation. In addition to this method, we injected an additional 50 cc of saline right after the blood, in order to inhibit clotting inside the drain, and ensuring all the blood is kept in the thoracic cavity, as it is recommended in only one paper in the literature [10].
In order to achieve continuous air drainage but keep the injected blood in the thorax, the chest tube line is elevated 40-50 cm above the patient and kept unclamped for 2 hours (Fig. 2). During this period, the patient was asked to change his position in bed every 15 minutes, to attain homogenous distribution of blood within the pleural cavity. Neither antibiotic prophylaxis nor negative suction was applied to any patient.

Results

Underlying pulmonary disease was tuberculosis (Tbc) in 10 patients, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 9, bronchogenic carcinoma in 7, COPD + Tbc in 4, and histiocytosis in 1 patient. For underwater seal drainage, 28 French chest tube was used in 21 patients, 24 French tube in 3, 28 French pezzer drain in 2, and 8 French small-bore catheter in 5. Demographic variables of the patients are given in Table I.
Air leak control was established in 29 patients (93.5%) within the next 24 hours, and on the 40th hour in one patient. Only 1 patient did not respond to pleurodesis, repeated on the 54th hour, and underwent surgical resection of a big ruptured bulla on the 5th day after the initial blood instillation. No mortality or intervention-related complication like fever, chest pain, empyema, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was seen after blood pleurodesis. Chest drains of 30 patients (96.8%) were removed within 24 hours of air leak cessation, and were discharged accordingly. Median length of stay after pleurodesis was 1 day.
Late recurrence of pneumothorax was seen in 4 (12.9%) patients, during an average follow-up period of 28.9 months. Mean recurrence time for these patients was 19.7 ± 9.8 months (range: 11.4-29.2). Surgical resection was preferred in 3 patients, where one patient was treated with talc pleurodesis.

Discussion

There are numerous diseases in the etiology of SSP. The most frequent factor seen is COPD, and it is responsible approximately in 70% of all patients [1, 11, 12]. Airway and parenchymal infections, malignancies, connective tissue or interstitial lung diseases, and thoracic endometriosis causing catamenial pneumothorax can be listed as other underlying factors in SSP patients [11-15]. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax seen in pediatric patients should bring up the probability of a congenital malformation or a foreign body aspiration [13].
Because of reported mortality rates between 1% and 17%, all patients are recommended to be hospitalized and followed with an underwater seal drainage; advocating a conservative approach has no place in the treatment of SPP [4, 11]. Because of its severity and resistance to tube drainage, SSP is a dreaded clinical condition for thoracic surgeons. Prolonged air leak, commonly seen in these patients, may cause an infection or a venous thrombosis due to immobility, increases the length of stay and the overall hospital costs [6, 9, 12].
Underwater seal tube thoracostomy (TT) is the first-line treatment of choice in the first attack in SSP patients. It has been advocated by many authors and recent guidelines that chemical pleurodesis and/or video-thoracoscopic surgical intervention should be planned for patients with resistant air leak on the 48th hour following TT [4, 5, 11, 12, 16]. Recurrence rates of 40-50% have been reported in SSP patients without additional treatment other than TT [11, 14].
It has been shown that SSP patients undergoing surgery for prolonged air leak have a long preoperative hospitalization period between 5 and 21 days [13]. Additionally, despite all the improvements in medical equipment and surgical methods, surgery for SSP still has morbidity of 23-30% and mortality of 5-50% [14-17]. Surgical trauma and postoperative pain are held responsible for worsening the scenario in presence of an underlying lung disease, with already compromised physiology and lung functions [5, 16].
Pleurodesis by autologous blood has been initially used by Robinson, for treatment of persistent air leak after TT in spontaneous pneumothorax patients [2, 6]. Dumire et al. have used the same technique for treating prolonged air leak after pulmonary resections [2, 12]. Recently, this method has widely been used as a treatment of choice for air leaks seen after lung resection and in primary or secondary SSP patients, in light of numerous researches [2, 3, 5-9, 12]. Autologous blood patch pleurodesis is known to reduce the recurrence rate in SSP patients [8, 9], and has success rates of 73-100% on single admission for prolonged air leak [2, 4, 7, 12].
Aghajanzadeh et al. have reported a decreased success rate of blood pleurodesis in patients with air leak duration longer than 10 days; uncovering an indirect correlation between the success rate and timing of pleurodesis [12]. Repeating this technique in unsuccessful cases is shown to end up with a 100% pleurodesis rate [3]. In our series, we have achieved 94% success in 24 hours, and 97% in 48 hours. In our unsuccessful patient, it is thought that the pleurodesis was applied to an overlooked not-expanded lung, thus the “patch” effect did not take place over the lesion site. Additionally, we advise to identify the process “unsuccessful” if the air leak continues for longer than 48 hours, and immediately repeat the procedure.
As advocated by many authors, we also believe that the effectiveness of this technique comes from “patching” of air leak sites on the visceral pleura by the autologous blood, and not from the inflammation effect caused by its autoantigens [3, 7].
Besides this impressive efficiency, its side effects are almost neglectable; pain and fever which can be seen with usage of other chemical pleurodesis agents are rarely encountered in this method. Except 3 empyema cases [8], and 1 tension pneumothorax case caused by the clotting that occurred in the chest tube [10], no procedure-related morbidities have been reported in the literature. As also used in our study, application of 50 ml of saline flush into the drain right after blood instillation will prevent lumen obstruction during the procedure. Our results revealed no decreased “patch” effect of blood after 50 cc saline dilution; moreover, flushing with lower volumes of saline or air may be inadequate, especially for large-bore (24-28 F) drains, and may cause obstruction. Hanging the line of drain 50-60 centimeters above the patient and leaving it unclamped during the procedure will ensure the evacuation of air from the thoracic cavity and keep the lung expanded, at the same time maintaining the blood in to produce the optimal patch effect over the visceral pleura.
Instillation of blood does not predispose to any infection within thorax if aseptic techniques are strictly applied, and therefore no antibiotic prophylaxis is necessary.
In our study, the median duration of hospital stay after the pleurodesis was 1 day, revealing a faster discharge with no morbidity for the patients. Even if a repetition is necessary on the 48th hour after the first application, the approximate decrease in LOS was 3-4 days in non-operated patients and more than a week in SSP patients who necessitated the operation. When taking into account the cost of additional medications for chemical pleurodesis (e.g. sterile talc etc.) and/or anesthesia during the operation, the estimated minimum economic burden involved in this practical procedure is around 750 Euros/patient in our country [18].
Retrospective design and low sample size were the main limitations. Different methods of air drainage by different surgeons at our institution also may have caused a bias and decreased the power of our study. Large prospective trials are further needed to signify the importance and efficacy of this procedure.

Conclusions

The “patch” pleurodesis, created by application of autologous blood is an easily tolerated, repeatable, simple and rapid procedure for all SSP patients with persistent air leak on the 3rd day of tube thoracostomy, at no cost, and without any additional morbidity. With a success rate of 96.8% within the first 48 hours, it can be applied to all patients with radiologically expanded lungs, even via small-bore thorax catheters. As a result of shortening the hospital LOS and eliminating the need for unnecessary surgical interventions, autologous blood patch pleurodesis may greatly reduce the heath care expenses for SSP patients. Talc pleurodesis and/or surgery should be reserved as the last-line treatment of choice.

Disclosure

Authors report no conflict of interest.

References

1. Hoyos AD, Fry WA. Pneumothorax. In: General Thoracic Surgery. Shields TW, LoCicero J, Reed CE, Feins RH (eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadel-phia 2009; 739.
2. Lang-Lazdunski L, Coonar AS. A prospective study of autologous ‘blood patch’ pleurodesis for persistent air leak after pulmonary resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 26: 897-900.
3. Droghetti A, Schiavini A, Muriana P, Comel A, De Donno G, Beccaria M, Canneto B, Sturani C, Muriana G. Autologous blood patch in persistent air leaks after pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 132: 556-559.
4. MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J, on behalf of the BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax 2010; 65 Suppl 2: ii18-ii31.
5. Aihara K, Handa T, Nagai S, Tanizawa K, Watanabe K, Harada Y, Chihara Y, Hitomi T, Oga T, Tsuboi T, Chin K, Mishima M. Efficacy of blood-patch pleurodesis for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax in interstitial lung disease. Intern Med 2011; 50: 1157-1162.
6. Robinson CL. Autologous blood for pleurodesis in recurrent and chronic spontaneous pneumothorax. Can J Surg 1987; 30: 428-429.
7. Dumire R, Crabbe MM, Mappin FG, Fontenelle LJ. Autologous ‘blood patch’ pleurodesis for persistent pulmonary air leak. Chest 1992; 101: 64-66.
8. Cagirici U, Sahin B, Cakan A, Kabayas H, Budunelli T. Autologous blood patch pleurodesis in spontaneous pneumothorax with persistent air leak. Scand Cardiovasc J 1998; 32: 75-78.
9. Shackloth M, Poullis M, Page R. Autologous blood pleurodesis for treating persistent air leak after lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 1402-1403.
10. Williams P, Laing R. Tension pneumothorax complicating autologous ‘‘blood patch’’ pleurodesis. Thorax 2005; 60: 1066-1067.
11. Baumann MH. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax. In: Thoracic Endoscopy: Advances in Interventional Pulmonology. Simoff MJ, Sterman DH, Ernst A (eds.). Blackwell Futura, Massachusetts 2006; 310.
12. Aghajanzadeh M, Hemati H, Moghaddamnia MR, Aghajanzadeh G. Autologous blood pleurodesis for treatment of prolonged air leak in secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. IJTCVS 2009; 25: 188-191.
13. Robinson PD, Cooper P, Ranganathan SC. Evidence-based management of pediatric primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2009; 10: 110-117.
14. Kuzucu A, Soysal O, Ulutaş H. Optimal timing for surgical treatment to prevent recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax. Surg Today 2006; 36: 865-868.
15. Nakajima J. Surgery for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010; 16: 376-380.
16. Kaynar H, Aydın Y, Akgün M, Türkyılmaz A, Eroğlu A. Pneumothorax in the cases with silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Turk Gogus Kalp Dama 2012; 20: 291-294.
17. Zhang Y, Jiang G, Chen C, Ding J, Zhu Y, Xu Z. Surgical management of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pul-monary disease: retrospective study of 107 cases. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 57: 347-352.
18. Turkish Republic Social Health Institution, 2013 Health Implementation Notification. Available from: http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/tr/mevzuat/yururlukteki_mevzuat/tebligler/!ut/p/b1/ [Published 27 September 2013, Accessed 4 October 2013].