The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic 
complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age

Anna Łupińska; Renata Stawerska; Małgorzata Szałapska; Marzena Kolasa-Kicińska; Krzysztof Jeziorny; Wojciech Stawerski; Sara Aszkiełowicz; Andrzej Lewiński

doi:10.5114/pedm.2023.130027

eISSN: 2083-8441
ISSN: 2081-237X

Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism

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abstract:

Original paper

The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age

Anna Łupińska

^{1, 2}

,

Renata Stawerska

^{1, 2}

,

Małgorzata Szałapska

²

,

Marzena Kolasa-Kicińska

²

,

Krzysztof Jeziorny

^{1, 2}

,

Wojciech Stawerski

³

,

Sara Aszkiełowicz

²

,

Andrzej Lewiński

^{2, 4}

Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital – Research Institute of Lodz, Poland
Department of Arthroscopy, Minimally Invasive Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland Institute of Lodz, Poland
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Poland

Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2023; 29 (3): 175-183

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2023.130027

Online publish date: 2023/10/23

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AMA

Łupińska A, Stawerska R, Szałapska M, et al. The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic 
complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism. 2023;29(3):175-183. doi:10.5114/pedm.2023.130027.

APA

Łupińska, A., Stawerska, R., Szałapska, M., Kolasa-Kicińska, M., Jeziorny, K.,  & Stawerski, W. et al. (2023). The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic 
complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 29(3), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2023.130027

Chicago

Łupińska, Anna, Renata Stawerska, Małgorzata Szałapska, Marzena Kolasa-Kicińska, Krzysztof Jeziorny, Wojciech Stawerski,  and Sara Aszkiełowicz et al. 2023. "The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic 
complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age". Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism 29 (3): 175-183. doi:10.5114/pedm.2023.130027.

Harvard

Łupińska, A., Stawerska, R., Szałapska, M., Kolasa-Kicińska, M., Jeziorny, K., Stawerski, W., Aszkiełowicz, S.,  and Lewiński, A. (2023). The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic 
complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 29(3), pp.175-183. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2023.130027

MLA

Łupińska, Anna et al. "The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic 
complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age." Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, vol. 29, no. 3, 2023, pp. 175-183. doi:10.5114/pedm.2023.130027.

Vancouver

Łupińska A, Stawerska R, Szałapska M, Kolasa-Kicińska M, Jeziorny K, Stawerski W et al. The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic 
complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism. 2023;29(3):175-183. doi:10.5114/pedm.2023.130027.

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Introduction
Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are predisposed to obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and lipid disorders. The HOMA-IR index is commonly used to assess IR (IRIHOMA), calculated from fasting glucose and insulin. However, sometimes, during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), elevated and prolonged postprandial insulin secretion is observed despite normal fasting insulin levels. IRIBelfiore is an IR index that analyses glucose and insulin levels during OGTT according to the method proposed by Belfiore.

The aim of the study
was to assess the frequency of IR based on IRIHOMA and IRIBelfiore results in SGA children aged 6–8 years, after catch-up phenomenon, to determine the usefulness of IRIBelfiore in diagnosis of IR and in predicting future metabolic complications.

Material and methods
In 129 SGA normal-height children, aged 6–8 years, height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, as well as lipids, IGF-1, cortisol, C-peptide, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations were measured. The glucose and insulin concentrations were evaluated at 0, 60, and 120 minutes of OGTT.

Results
IRIHOMA was normal in all children, while elevated IRIBelfiore was found in 22.5% of them. Children with IR diagnosed by IRIBelfiore were taller, had higher blood pressure, higher leptin, and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations.

Conclusions
It seems worth recommending IRIBelfiore derived from OGTT as a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying IR in SGA prepubertal children. Abnormal IRIBelfiore is related to higher blood pressure and lower HDL-cholesterol concentration in this group.

keywords:

The incidence of insulin resistance based on indices calculated using the HOMA and Belfiore methods and its impact on the occurrence of metabolic complications in prepubertal children born small for gestational age

Anna Łupińska 1, 2 , Renata Stawerska 1, 2 , Małgorzata Szałapska 2 , Marzena Kolasa-Kicińska 2 , Krzysztof Jeziorny 1, 2 , Wojciech Stawerski 3 , Sara Aszkiełowicz 2 , Andrzej Lewiński 2, 4

small for gestational age, insulin resistance, OGTT, leptin, metabolic syndrome

Anna Łupińska

^{1, 2}

,

Renata Stawerska

^{1, 2}

,

Małgorzata Szałapska

²

,

Marzena Kolasa-Kicińska

²

,

Krzysztof Jeziorny

^{1, 2}

,

Wojciech Stawerski

³

,

Sara Aszkiełowicz

²

,

Andrzej Lewiński

^{2, 4}