Therapeutic efficacy of amoxicillin and rifaximin in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and Helicobacter pylori infection

Introduction

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a common gastrointestinal dysbiosis. Overuse of medicines, including proton pump inhibitors [1], can be one of the causes. Long-term reduction of gastric secretion creates favorable conditions for the colonization of various bacterial species in the upper gastrointestinal tract [2–4]. In some people these infections are asymptomatic but they are not devoid of adverse effects.
Helicobacter pylori infection always results in the development of chronic gastritis and can lead to cancers of this organ. Furthermore, this infection disturbs the secretion of many tissue hormones such as gastrin, ghrelin, obestatin [5–7] and leads to metabolic disorders, insulin resistance and obesity [8–10]. It is believed that excess of bacteria in the small intestine evokes similar changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism [11, 12]. According to the Kyoto consensus, H. pylori eradication should also apply to the population with asymptomatic infection [13]. Likewise, maintaining eubiosis in the small intestine is a condition for maintaining a good psychosomatic state [14]. In practice, antimicrobial therapy is usually applied in the case of the occurrence of clinical symptoms. Helicobacter pylori infection is mainly manifested by epigastric pain and the small intestinal bacterial overgrowth causes abdominal pain and bloating as well as abnormalities in bowel movements [15]. The above changes in gastric and intestinal microflora often coexist, which makes the diagnostic and therapeutic management difficult [16–18]. It is not always possible to determine the cause of ailments, the order of antibiotic treatment and which antibiotics will be effective. Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, tetracycline and metronidazole are most frequently used in the treatment of H. pylori infection [19]. Rifaximin appeared to be the most effective in the treatment of SIBO [20, 21]. Rifaximin was previously demonstrated to be active against H. pylori [22].

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of amoxicillin in combination with rifaximin in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome and H. pylori infection.

Material and methods

The study included 116 patients aged 27–64 years (mean age: 44.1 ±12.3) in the years 2012–2017. The patients were examined and treated at the Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics and at the Department of Gastroenterology of the Medical University of Lodz.

Inclusion criteria

Due to abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea or constipation all patients initially underwent the lactulose hydrogen breath test (LHBT), using a breath hydrogen analyzer (Gastrolyzer, Bedfont Scientific Ltd, UK)). The test result was considered positive (confirming SIBO) when an increase in the concentration of hydrogen in the expired air was above 20 ppm (percent per million) within 60 min of ingesting 25 ml of lactulose in accordance with generally accepted criteria [23]. Then, in LHBT-positive patients a breath test was performed using 75 mg of ¹³C-labeled urea and a FAN-ci 2 device set (Fisher ANalysen Instrumente GmbH). The test result was considered positive for H. pylori infection when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the exhaled air was above 4.0 ‰ at 30 min.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria: gastric and duodenal ulcer, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative and lymphocytic colitis, celiac disease, mental and metabolic disorders, previous treatment for H. pylori infection.
Differential diagnostic procedures concerned all patients and included endoscopy and ultrasonography of abdominal organs and routine laboratory tests: complete blood count, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), -glutamyltransferase (GGTP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, lipase, urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Therapeutic procedures

In 62 of 116 subjects SIBO was found to coexist with H. pylori infection and these patients were randomly included in further studies and divided into two groups with single blind administration of medication. Group I (n = 30) patients were assigned to take pantoprazole (2 × 40 mg), amoxicillin (2 × 1000 mg) and metronidazole (2 × 500 mg) for 10 days and group II patients (n = 32) were assigned to take pantoprazole and amoxicillin at the same dose and rifaximin at the dose of 3 × 400 mg also for 10 days. Furthermore, during the treatment and 6 weeks afterwards the patients were advised to follow the same balanced diet. Six weeks after the therapy both tests (LHBT and ¹³C-UBT) were repeated and pain intensity was assessed using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS).

Ethics

The patients’ written consent and the approval of the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Lodz were obtained (RNN/11/17KE). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP).

Statistical analysis

In the statistical analysis Student’s t test was used for normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney test and 2 test were used to compare the results of two different groups. The correlation between the above parameters was estimated with the Spearman correlation and linear regression equation. The calculations were performed with Statistica 9.1 software.

Results

In the preliminary statistical analysis of the two examined groups there were no significant differences in relation to age, gender, nutritional status or indices of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and H. pylori colonization intensity in the stomach (Table I).
A positive correlation was found between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth index and pain intensity in both groups: group I, r = 0.850, p < 0.001, and group II, r = 0.456, p < 0.05 (Table II).
Also a positive, but weaker correlation was found between the level of H. pylori colonization and the intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms: in group I, r = 0.242, p > 0.05, and in group II, r = 0.339, p > 0.05 (Table II).
After the treatment, the SIBO index decreased from 61.2 ±19.4 ppm to 22.0 ±8.2 ppm (p < 0.001) in group I and in group II from 59.5 ±15.7 ppm to 15.7 ±8.4 ppm (p < 0.001). A normal result, i.e. less than 20 ppm, was obtained in 18 (60.0%) group I patients and in 21 (75%) in group II; the difference between groups was statistically insignificant (Figure 1).
The index of H. pylori colonization in the stomach also decreased, in group I from 18.4 ±3.8‰ to 5.9 ±5.4‰ (p < 0.001) and in group II from 21.4 ±3.8‰ to 6.5 ±4.6‰ (p < 0.001). A result below 4.0‰ was obtained in 19 (63.3%) patients in group I and 19 (59.4%) in group II; the difference between the groups was statistically insignificant (Figure 2).
Pain intensity decreased after treatment in group I from 7.1 ±1.5 points to 4.6 ±1.6 points (p < 0.01) and in group II from 7.2 ±1.1 to 2.9 ±1.2 points (p < 0.001) (Figure 3).
A reduction of pain below 3.0 points was obtained in 53.5% of group I patients and in 56.2% in group II (p > 0.05).
Drug tolerance was good in both groups. Only 3 patients from group I complained of mild nausea allowing for the treatment completion.

Discussion

The results of our study confirm the possibility of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and H. pylori infection coexistence. Thus there is a need for diagnostic tests in patients with a variety of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. The rational choice of treatment is also facilitated.
Our study showed that the combination of amoxicillin with rifaximin may be effective already in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection. The eradication rate was not satisfactory (64.0%), which may require prolongation of the therapy up to 14 days. Nevertheless, such combination treatment is justified in the case of H. pylori infection and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Good clinical outcomes and regression of gastrointestinal symptoms are in favor of this.
Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most frequently used for the eradication of H. pylori in the first stage of treatment. Due to the increasing resistance of this bacterium to metronidazole, this drug is being replaced by other antibiotics such as clarithromycin, tetracycline and levofloxacin, but their efficacy is also unsatisfactory. These antibiotics have also been used in the treatment of other bacterial gastrointestinal infections as well as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth [24]. Di Stefano et al. [25] pointed to even greater efficacy of metronidazole in the treatment of SIBO compared to rifaximin. However, the results of numerous recent studies indicate that rifaximin is the most effective and safest in the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome [26]. The manufacturer of rifaximin lists its activity also against H. pylori. This information is based on the results of previous research. Mégraud et al. [22] observed this property in in vitro studies. Holton et al. [27] confirmed such an anti-bacterial effect of rifaximin in combination with ampicillin and metronidazole. De Giorgio et al. [28] demonstrated the efficacy of rifaximin (3 × 600 mg) in combination with amoxicillin (2 × 1000 mg) in the eradication of H. pylori. Quesada et al. [29] demonstrated the efficacy of rifaximin against clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori strains. According to Gasbarrini et al. [30] the eradication efficacy of rifaximin is high enough when administered at 1200 mg for 10–14 days. Nizhevich et al. [31] obtained good results of H. pylori eradication using rifaximin with furazolidone and bismuth for 10 days. Yun et al. [32] demonstrated the efficacy of 7-day rifaximin (3 × 200 mg) and levofloxacin (2 × 500 mg) therapy in patients with H. pylori resistance to previous triple or quadruple therapy. Choi et al. [33] believe that rifaximin should be used more often in the second- and third-line combined eradication therapy.
Other advantages of this treatment are good tolerance of drugs and the possibility of repeated therapy in the case of a relapse. However, these suggestions require further investigations and more patients in the groups [34].

Conclusions

Combination of amoxicillin with rifaximin may be a useful method of treating patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and concomitant H. pylori infection.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 4.10.2017
Accepted: 31.01.2018