Treg cells in the course of chronic hepatitis C virus infection partially normalize in longitudinal observation after successful DAA treatment regardless of hepatic fibrosis stage

Introduction

CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that plays an essential role in the protection against the immune system’s excessive activity, maintaining immune homeostasis. They suppress the activation, proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions of many immune cells, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells [1]. Almost 20 years ago, higher levels of circulating CD4+ CD25+ T-cells were described in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) for the first time [2]. Since then multiple studies [3] have confirmed this phenomenon, showing a positive correlation between Treg cells, the viral load [3] and their independence from hepatic function [4]. Treg cells’ proliferation is probably stimulated directly by hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) secreted by infected hepatocytes [5]. In the acute phase of HCV infection, Tregs downregulate immune-mediated liver damage mechanisms [3]. In the chronic phase, the situation becomes more complex, and Tregs’ role in the development of hepatic fibrosis appears controversial. High levels of intrahepatic Treg cells are correlated with less extensive fibrosis [6] but forecast a poor outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [7]. Inconclusive results of the studies suggest that different subsets of Treg cells might have opposite effects on HCV-related liver injuries [3].
The number of Treg cells in blood drops for patients who have spontaneously eliminated the virus [8]. In those CHC patients who underwent interferon (IFN)-combination therapy, Treg-mediated immunosuppression was lower during and after the treatment, regardless of the treatment outcome. It was higher in patients with a sustained viral response [9]. Little is known about the behaviour of these cells after successful, IFN-free treatment of HCV. This study aimed to assess whether Treg cells diminish after successful treatment with directly acting antivirals (DAA) in patients at different liver fibrosis stages.

Material and methods

We collected a study group from among patients treated in 2018 and 2019 at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies of Poznan University of Medical Sciences. It consisted of 44 patients with CHC genotype 1b at different stages of liver fibrosis qualified for DAA treatment. The following exclusion criteria were applied: presence of HCC, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, HBsAg presence, administration of any immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs, elevated C reactive protein (CRP), leukocytosis or any active infection other than CHC. We tested the subjects up to seven days before the treatment (T0) and after the completed regimen – an average of 198 days after the first dose (T1). 176 days later, twenty-two of them were tested again (T2). Twenty-two patients were treated with sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (including 16 regimens with ribavirin), ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvir was administered to seven, another seven had sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, grazoprevir/elbasvir was given to four and four were treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. We applied the regimens according to Polish recommendations [10]. All the patients completed the therapy and achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). Then, we enrolled a control group that consisted of 28 volunteers without HCV infection. The control group was subject to the same exclusion criteria as the study group. Since diverse fibrosis levels were present within our study group, our goal was to collect a control group with a comparable spread but without an active liver-damaging factor that could influence the Treg cells. Fifteen of our volunteers had a history of excessive alcohol intake (with at least a six-month abstinence period before the study), including individuals with hepatic fibrosis due to alcohol-related liver disease.
The transient elastography technique using a Fibro-Scan Compact device (Echosens, Paris, France) in compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions was employed to measure liver stiffness [11]. To increase the accuracy of liver fibrosis assessment, we also used four non-invasive methods. First the widely used APRI [12], characterised by well-documented statistical properties, was calculated according to the following formula: ([AST/ULN]/number of platelets [× 109/l]) × 100, where AST – aspartate aminotransferase, ULN – upper limit of normal (in this case, 23 IU/ml). Then we calculated the FIB-4 index, used primarily to assess the severity of liver disease in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection [13], calculated as age × AST/((platelet count [× 109/l]) × ALT1/2), where AST and ALT are aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, respectively. FibroIndex [14] was another fibrosis indicator, relying among others on the concentration of γ-globulin in the serum, calculated according to the following formula: 1.738 – 0.064 × number of platelets [× 104/mm3] + 0.005 × AST [IU/l] + 0.463 × γ-globulins [g/dl]. Finally, the Forns score [15] was used, calculated as: 7.811 – 3.131 × ln (number of platelets [× 109/l]) + 0.781 × ln (GGTP) + 3.467 × ln (age) – 0.014 × chol [mg/dl], where GGTP is γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and chol is total serum cholesterol. Cell immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry using the direct fluorescence method, which we described in our previous study [16]. We assessed T regulatory cells’ populations present in patients’ peripheral blood, using the appropriate monoclonal, fluorochrome-labelled antibodies. The obtained results were analysed with the FACS Diva software (Becton Dickinson), integrated with a cytometer. For each examined antibody, the percentage of positive cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were determined (Table 1).
The statistical analysis was conducted using STATISTICA software version 13.0 (StatSoft, K, Poland). We applied non-parametric tests as we determined most of our variables not to be normally distributed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. We analysed dependent variables with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and non-dependent variables with the Mann-Whitney U test. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant [17]. This study was carried out pursuant to the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association and was approved by the Ethical Committee of Poznan University of Medical Sciences. All the enrolled study participants met the criteria and completed the study. They were fully informed about the study, and all of them expressed written informed consent before their examination.

Results

General results

Among the patients qualified for the study, 29 had radiological and biochemical indicators of liver cirrhosis, confirmed by a FibroScan. Leading indicators of the liver function and basic biochemical and morphological parameters are presented in Table 2. After the completed treatment, ALT, AST and total bilirubin level decreased significantly, as well as all the assessed parameters of liver fibrosis (p < 0.05 for T1 and T2 in all measurements). Platelet count (PLT) and white blood cell count (WBC) increased (p < 0.05 for T1 and T2). The percentage of lymphocytes in WBC decreased for T1 (p < 0.05), but among patients without liver cirrhosis the lymphocyte percentage remained unchanged despite the treatment.

Changes of Treg lymphocytes

In the study group before the treatment, median 0.7% of lymphocytes presented expression of FOXP3+ and were classified as Treg cells. After the treatment, it was 0.35% for T1 and 0.30% for T2. Volunteers in the control group had a median of 0.4% Tregs in all lymphocytes. Although noticeable, differences between those groups were not statistically significant. When we look at the absolute value of FOXP3 lymphocytes, it was lower in healthy controls than in chronically HCV infected (0.0066 × 103 cells/µl and 0.0084 × 103 cells/µl, respectively, p = 0.048). After the treatment we observed an insignificant change to 0.0047 × 103 cells/µl for T1 (p > 0.05) and a significant fall to 0.0041 × 103 cells/µl for T2 (p = 0.03) (Fig. 1). Analysing the group of patients with CHC, we observe no correlation between advancement of hepatic fibrosis and the number of Tregs, regardless of whether we assess the liver condition using a FibroScan, APRI, FIB-4, FibroIndex or the Forns index. We did not statistically prove the slight decrease in the amount of Tregs for patients with cirrhosis observed in Fig. 2.
After a successful DAA treatment, visual analysis of graphs suggests a depletion of circulating Tregs for T2. This dependency was confirmed, as mentioned above, for the whole study group. When we divide patients into subgroups with and without cirrhosis, the change becomes statistically insignificant for both T1 and T2 groups, probably due to the small number of cases and little change. Yet, the visual decrease of Tregs for T2 is similar in both subgroups, as shown in Fig. 3. Finally, we examined whether Treg cells’ change after successful DAA treatment was dependent on hepatic fibrosis degree. As presented in Fig. 4, there was no correlation between the individual difference in the number of post-treatment Tregs and any pre-treatment liver fibrosis indicator. The correlation was not present for either T1 or T2. Then, we juxtaposed the post-treatment change in circulating Treg cells with the post-treatment change in hepatic fibrosis, resulting in no correlation for T1 or T2.

Discussion

In this study, we investigated changes in the amount of circulating Treg cells in patients with CHC and different stages of liver fibrosis subjected to interferon-free therapy. Our results show that the initially elevated level of Tregs does not decrease after a successful treatment, regardless of the hepatic fibrosis status for up to 6 months after the first day of DAA therapy. One year after the beginning of the therapy, circulating Tregs’ decrease is becoming noticeable but is still independent of hepatic fibrosis degree. In the study group, the post-treatment levels of Treg cells measured for both T1 and T2 did not differ significantly from the controls. Our findings are partially consistent with similar studies. One recent paper described successful treatment of 14 HCV-infected patients at different stages of liver fibrosis using IFN-free regimens. Tregs’ frequency and activation status did not normalize for up to one year following the viral elimination [18]. Another study analysed 20 patients with CHC, including only two with liver cirrhosis, during and after DAA treatment. The frequency and inhibitory function of Tregs declined gradually from baseline to end of treatment (EOT) and then increased from EOT to SVR 12 (sustained viral response 12 weeks after EOT) in CHC patients receiving DAA therapy. Further Treg expansion was not described. The expression of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10, and TGF-β paralleled the Treg function [19]. Comparing those results with our study, we can conclude that Treg cells in CHC patients do not normalize during the first few months after a completed DAA treatment, and may tend to diminish after a longer period. This study is the first to show that this phenomenon is not correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis.
There is strong evidence of Tregs’ involvement in intrahepatic immune regulation during CHC [20]. The level of peripheral Treg cells in patients with liver cirrhosis caused either by HCV or HBV is substantially higher than in healthy controls [21]. Hepatic fibrosis is a wound-healing response to liver injury like a chronic viral infection [22]. Many immune cells and cytokines are involved in this process, and these are regulated, among others factors, by Treg lymphocytes [23]. HCV-specific T CD8+ lymphocytes inhibit viral replication by inducing hepatocyte destruction. In acute HCV, it is observed as a coincidence of intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell responses with a peak in serum ALT, a hepatocyte injury marker [8]. In patients with CHC, circulating CD4/CD8 ratio has a strong, negative correlation with liver stiffness measured by transient elastography [24], which suggests that in CHC, T CD8+ cells also contribute to hepatic injury and progression of fibrosis. Treg cells from patients with CHC show significantly higher suppressive activity against T CD8+ cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion [25], which implies the protective role of Treg lymphocytes in the development of HCV-related fibrosis associated with T CD8+ activity. Nonetheless, in mice with liver cirrhosis of non-viral aetiology, Tregs favour the formation of chronic inflammation and contribute to liver fibrosis’s persistence by suppressing NK cells and M1 Kupffer cells more relevantly than inhibiting T CD8+ cells [23]. Thus, Treg cells’ role in the development and progression of liver cirrhosis in CHC patients is important but complex and ambiguous.
There is a significant association between Tregs and the occurrence of HCC [26]. In a meta-analysis, the frequency of circulating Tregs in HCC patients was 87% higher than in healthy controls, and the elevation was also observed in the HCC tumour microenvironment [26]. High levels of Treg cells, both circulating [27] and intratumoural [7], are strongly associated with a poor outcome prognosis, making them potential targets for immunotherapy [7, 28]. As HCC occurrence or recurrence happens even after successful DAA treatment [29], we can assume that DAA therapy does not eliminate the risk of HCC development connected with Treg activity.
We would also like to highlight the role of Treg cells in different infections that can appear in chronically HCV-infected patients. CHC is a significant risk factor for opportunistic infections in predisposed patients, such as kidney transplant recipients [30]. Treg lymphocytes restrain activation of effector T-cell responses [31], not being restricted to HCV-specific CD8+ T cells, but also inhibiting e.g. influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells [25]. In CHC patients with liver cirrhosis, the increase in circulating Tregs is correlated with and predicts subsequent bacterial complications [32]. Furthermore, there are reports of HBV and varicella-zoster reactivations following the start of DAA therapy [33, 34]. There is also a description of increased incidence of opportunistic infections in HIV/HCV coinfected patients appearing around 23 weeks after the beginning of DAA therapy [35]. We cannot exclude that those observations may be related to the persistence of an increased number of circulating Treg cells after DAA therapy.
Our previous study on a small group of obese patients with CHC showed depletion of the number of Tregs for up to 6 months after treatment to be negatively correlated with pre-treatment body mass [16]. Treg cells’ behaviour after a DAA treatment in the context of metabolic disturbances remains elusive and further studies are needed, as metabolic diseases are common in CHC patients [36]. An important limitation of our study is a lack of assessment of whether the examined Tregs were HCV-specific. However, the persistently increased numbers of those cells doubtless modify the course of liver disease. Tregs not only specifically affect other immune cells, but also modify the liver microenvironment, secreting TGF-β and IL-10 or competitively consuming IL-2 [37]. In HCC, tumour-associated Tregs are known to directly promote tumour evasion by several contact-dependent as well as contact-independent mechanisms [28].

Conclusions

In conclusion, our study showed that Treg cells normalize gradually over a prolonged period of time after successful DAA therapy. Their number and post-treatment dynamics remain independent of liver fibrosis degree. The relationship of this observation to phenomena such as metabolic disorders, increased susceptibility to infections, or persistent risk of HCC remains unclear.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland (NCN) grant no. 2016/23/B/NZ6/01497.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References