Unexpected appendiceal histopathology during upfront diagnostic laparoscopy for right iliac fossa pain: is a normal-looking appendix always innocent?

Right iliac fossa pain is a common reason for emergency gastroenterology and surgery referrals and consultations within all levels of medical care, with acute appendicitis being the most frequent differential diagnosis. Under this notion, and taking into account that traditionally appendicitis is considered a clinical diagnosis, despite the increasing adoption of computed tomography as the default emergency assessment essay, many patients will undergo an upfront diagnostic laparoscopy. Intraoperatively though, our anecdotal experience with similar cases suggests that a notable number of patients had a macroscopically normal appendix, without any evidence of concurrent abdominopelvic pathology that could explain their symptoms; on those occasions, and to prevent future diagnostic confusion, and considering the possibility of non-transmural inflammatory changes, our institutional practice was to proceed with appendicectomy in all of these cases. Although this approach is based on the logical above-mentioned rationale, one could justify as unnecessary the removal of a normal-looking appendix, particularly in cases where post-operative complications would occur, such as bleeding from the mesoappendix remnant or blowout of the appendiceal stump [1, 2]. Therefore, we reviewed the histopathology of all our patients who had undergone upfront diagnostic laparoscopy and appendicectomy for right iliac fossa pain, without prior abdominal imaging via ultrasound or computed tomography, examining all relevant cases in which the presence of a macroscopically normal appendix was documented in the operation notes, over a 5-year period (03/2016-03/2021).
Our records indicated that in a total of 385 laparoscopic appendicectomies, the presence of a macroscopically normal appendix was documented in 64 (16.6%) cases by the operating surgeons. With regards to the histopathology of these removed normal-looking appendices, 43/64 (67.2%) of the findings where consistent with significant lymphoid follicles’ hyperplasia without active wall inflammation, 5/64 (7.8%) revealed the presence of oxyuriasis, 2/64 (3.1%) showed mild chronic appendicitis with mucinous hyperplasia, and finally in 1 (1.6%) case the histopathology was consistent with complete obliteration of the appendiceal lumen and accompanying chronic atrophic changes. Hence, complete absence of any pathology in the removed appendices, with absolute accordance with the macroscopically normal appearance, was the case...


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