1. Eguchi Y, Hyogo H, Ono M, et al. Prevalence and associated metabolic factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population from 2009 to 2010 in Japan: a multicenter large retrospective study. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 586-595.
2.
Kimura T, Singh S, Tanaka N, et al. Role of G protein-coupled receptors in hepatic stellate cells and approaches to anti-fibrotic treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol 2021; 12: 773432.
3.
Nakahara T, Hyogo H, Yoneda M, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with the fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a large retrospective cohort of Japanese patients. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: 147-184.
4.
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018; 67: 328-357.
5.
Issemann I, Green S, Mason DT. Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 1990; 347: 645-650.
6.
Lefebvre P, Chinetti G, Fruchart JC, et al. Sorting out the roles of PPARα in energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis. J Clin Investig 2006; 116: 571-580.
7.
Kersten S. Integrated physiology and systems biology of PPARα. Mol Metab 2014; 3: 354-371.
8.
Pawlak M, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Molecular mechanism of PPARα action and its impact on lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2015; 62: 720-733.
9.
Huang XS, Zhao SP, Bai L, et al. Atorvastatin and fenofibrate increase apolipoprotein AV and decrease triglycerides by up-regulating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha.
10.
Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158: 706-712.
11.
Fruchart JC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha): at the crossroads of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205: 1-8.
12.
Fujita K, Nozaki Y, Wada K, et al. Dysfunctional very-low-density lipoprotein synthesis and release is a key factor in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathogenesis. Hepatology 2009; 50:
13.
772-780.
14.
Ikeda S, Sugihara T, Hoshino Y, et al. Pemafibrate dramatically ameliorated the values of liver function tests and fibrosis marker in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Yonago Acta Med 2020; 63: 188-197.
15.
Seko Y, Yamaguchi K, Umemura A, et al. Effect of pemafibrate on fatty acid levels and liver enzymes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients with dyslipidemia: A single-arm, pilot study. Hepatol Res 2020; 50: 1328-1336.
16.
Nakajima A, Eguchi Y, Yoneda M, et al. Randomised clinical trial: Pemafibrate, a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α modulator (SPPARMα), versus placebo in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54: 1263-1277.
17.
Newsome PN, Sasso M, Deeks JJ, et al. FibroScan FAST (FAST) score for the noninvasive identification of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with significant activity and fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5: 362-337.
18.
Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ, et al. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42: 503-508.
19.
Naveau S, Gaudé G, Asnacios A, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic values of noninvasive biomarkers of fibrosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2009; 49: 97-105.
20.
Johnson PJ, Berhane S, Kagebayashi C, et al. Assessment of liver function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a new evidence-based approach-the ALBI grade. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33: 550-558.
21.
Honda Y, Kessoku T, Ogawa Y, et al. Pemafibrate, a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, improves the pathogenesis in a rodent model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2017; 14: 42477.
22.
Yamashita S, Masuda D, Matsuzaka Y. Pemafibrate, a new selective PPARα modulator: drug concept and its clinical applications for dyslipidemia and metabolic diseases. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22: 5.
23.
Recio E, Cifuentes C, Macías J, et al. Interobserver concordance in controlled attenuation parameter measurement, a novel tool for the assessment of hepatic steatosis on the basis of transient elastography. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 905-911.
24.
Seko Y, Sumida Y, Tanaka S, et al. Serum alanine aminotransferase predicts the histological course of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Japanese patients. Hepatol Res 2015; 45: E53-E61
25.
Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007; 45: 846-854.
26.
Ikeda S, Sugihara T, Kihara T, et al. Pemafibrate ameliorates liver dysfunction and fatty liver in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with hypertriglyceridemia: A retrospective study with the outcome after a mid-term follow-up. Diagnostics .
27.
Yokote K, Yamashita S, Arai H, et al. Effects of pemafibrate on glucose metabolism markers and liver function tests in patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a pooled analysis of six phase 2 and phase 3 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20: 96.
28.
Matsuba I, Matsuba R, Ishibashi S, et al. Effects of a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α modulator, pemafibrate, on hepatic and peripheral glucose uptake in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9: 1323-1332.
29.
Bajaj M, Suraamornkul S, Hardies LJ, et al. Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and PPAR-gamma agonists on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1723-1731.
30.
Tiikkainen M, Hakkinen AM, Korsheninnikova E, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on liver fat content, hepatic insulin resistance, insulin clearance, and gene expression in adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2169-2176.
31.
Arki E, Ishibashi S, Yamashita S, et al. A highly potent and specific PPAR alpha agonist, K-877, improves lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in dyslipidaemia subjects; an integrated analysis of 3 phase 2/3 trials (Abstract). Diabetologia 2014; 57: S272.
Copyright: © Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.