Complications in laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery: definitions, classifications, incidence and risk factors 
– an up-to-date review

Rafał Watrowski; Stoyan Kostov; Ibrahim Alkatout

doi:10.5114/wiitm.2021.108800

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General surgery

abstract:

Review paper

Complications in laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery: definitions, classifications, incidence and risk factors – an up-to-date review

Rafał Watrowski

¹

,

Stoyan Kostov

²

,

Ibrahim Alkatout

³

St. Josefskrankenhaus, Teaching Hospital of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Gynecology, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kiel School of Gynecological Endoscopy, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany

Videosurgery Miniinv 2021; 16 (3): 501–525

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/wiitm.2021.108800

Online publish date: 2021/08/28

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Almost all gynecological and general-surgical operations are – or can be – performed laparoscopically. In comparison to an abdominal approach, the minimally invasive access offers several advantages; however, laparoscopy (both conventional and robotic-assisted) can be associated with a number of approach-specific complications. Although the majority of them are related to the laparoscopic entry, adverse events may also occur due to the presence of pneumoperitoneum or the use of laparoscopic instruments. Unfortunately, a high proportion of complications (especially affecting the bowel and ureter) remain unrecognized during surgery. This narrative review provides comprehensive up-to-date information about definitions, classifications, risk factors and incidence of surgical complications in conventional and robotic-assisted laparoscopy, with a special focus on gynecology. The topic is discussed from various perspectives, e.g. in the context of stage of surgery, injured organs, involved instruments, and in relation to malpractice claims.

keywords:

Complications in laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery: definitions, classifications, incidence and risk factors – an up-to-date review

Rafał Watrowski 1 , Stoyan Kostov 2 , Ibrahim Alkatout 3

complications, risk factors, incidence, classification, gynecological laparoscopy, robotic-assisted surgery

Rafał Watrowski

¹

,

Stoyan Kostov

²

,

Ibrahim Alkatout

³