Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered 
from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19)

Rafał Dankowski; Wioletta Sacharczuk; Dominika Duszyńska; Weronika Mikołajewska; Anna Szałek-Goralewska; Anna Łojko-Dankowska; Andrzej Szyszka; Dorota Łojko

doi:10.5114/nan.2021.108028

eISSN: 2084-9885
ISSN: 1896-6764

Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia/Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology

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vol. 16

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abstract:

Original paper

Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19)

Rafał Dankowski

¹

,

Wioletta Sacharczuk

¹

,

Dominika Duszyńska

¹

,

Weronika Mikołajewska

¹

,

Anna Szałek-Goralewska

¹

,

Anna Łojko-Dankowska

²

,

Andrzej Szyszka

¹

,

Dorota Łojko

³

2nd Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland

Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia 2021; 16, 1–2: 11–16

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2021.108028

Online publish date: 2021/07/27

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AMA

Dankowski R, Sacharczuk W, Duszyńska D, et al. Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered 
from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19). Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia/Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology. 2021;16(1):11-16. doi:10.5114/nan.2021.108028.

APA

Dankowski, R., Sacharczuk, W., Duszyńska, D., Mikołajewska, W., Szałek-Goralewska, A.,  & Łojko-Dankowska, A. et al. (2021). Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered 
from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19). Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia/Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, 16(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2021.108028

Chicago

Dankowski, Rafał, Wioletta Sacharczuk, Dominika Duszyńska, Weronika Mikołajewska, Anna Szałek-Goralewska, Anna Łojko-Dankowska,  and Andrzej Szyszka et al. 2021. "Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered 
from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19)". Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia/Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology 16 (1): 11-16. doi:10.5114/nan.2021.108028.

Harvard

Dankowski, R., Sacharczuk, W., Duszyńska, D., Mikołajewska, W., Szałek-Goralewska, A., Łojko-Dankowska, A., Szyszka, A.,  and Łojko, D. (2021). Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered 
from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19). Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia/Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, 16(1), pp.11-16. https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2021.108028

MLA

Dankowski, Rafał et al. "Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered 
from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19)." Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia/Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, vol. 16, no. 1, 2021, pp. 11-16. doi:10.5114/nan.2021.108028.

Vancouver

Dankowski R, Sacharczuk W, Duszyńska D, Mikołajewska W, Szałek-Goralewska A, Łojko-Dankowska A et al. Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered 
from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19). Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia/Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology. 2021;16(1):11-16. doi:10.5114/nan.2021.108028.

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Introduction
To evaluate the presence and severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients who recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Material and methods
In this crosssectional observational study, patients who had recovered from COVID-19 were assessed between February and April 2021. The symptoms reported by patients were evaluated using a questionnaire developed by the authors based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to assess their depressive symptoms and anxiety.

Results
Of the 102 patients, 45 (44%) were men, and the mean age (± standard deviation – SD) was 52 ±13 years. The mean time interval (±SD) between COVID-19 diagnosis and the examination was 56 ±18 days. Seventy-eight (76%) patients were treated at home, while 24 (23.5%) were hospitalized. Fatigue, cognitive impairment (“brain fog”), breathlessness, and cough were the most frequently reported complaints. Median scores of the BDI, state-anxiety (STAI 1) and trait-anxiety (STAI 2) were 7 (interquartile range, IQR = 10), 38 (IQR = 13), and 40.5 (IQR = 14), respectively. Mild depressive symptoms were observed in almost 30% of patients. Women scored significantly higher than men.

Conclusions
Patients who have recently recovered from COVID-19 show increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, the intensity of which was more pronounced in women. From the clinical perspective, physicians should be aware of the anxiety and depressive symptoms of the post-COVID-19 syndrome.

keywords:

Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19)

Rafał Dankowski 1 , Wioletta Sacharczuk 1 , Dominika Duszyńska 1 , Weronika Mikołajewska 1 , Anna Szałek-Goralewska 1 , Anna Łojko-Dankowska 2 , Andrzej Szyszka 1 , Dorota Łojko 3

COVID-19, BDI, STAI, anxiety, depression

Rafał Dankowski

¹

,

Wioletta Sacharczuk

¹

,

Dominika Duszyńska

¹

,

Weronika Mikołajewska

¹

,

Anna Szałek-Goralewska

¹

,

Anna Łojko-Dankowska

²

,

Andrzej Szyszka

¹

,

Dorota Łojko

³