Ta strona używa pliki cookies, w celu polepszenia użyteczności i funkcjonalności oraz w celach statystycznych. Dowiedz się więcej w Polityce prywatności.
Korzystając ze strony wyrażasz zgodę na używanie plików cookies, zgodnie z aktualnymi ustawieniami przeglądarki.
Akceptuję wykorzystanie plików cookies
eISSN: 2354-0265
ISSN: 2353-6942
Health Problems of Civilization Physical activity: diseases and issues recognized by the WHO
Current issue Archive Online first About the journal Editorial board Reviewers Abstracting and indexing Contact Instructions for authors Publication charge Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
1/2025
vol. 19
 
Share:
Share:
OTHER
Review paper

HARMFULNESS AND POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF THE FLY AGARIC (AMANITA MUSCARIA): A LITERATURE REVIEW

Julia Grochowska
1
,
Natalia Grygoruk
2
,
Marcin Weiner
1

  1. Faculty of Technical Sciences, John Paul II University in Biała Podlaska, Poland
  2. Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Health Prob Civil. 2025; 19(1): 95-106.
Online publish date: 2025/02/19
Article file
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Carboué Q, Lopez M. Amanita muscaria: ecology, chemistry, myths. Encyclopedia. 2021; 1(3): 905-914. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030069
2. Pięta-Chrystofiak M, Brohs D. Red fly agaric (amanita muscaria) consumption among members of Internet discussion groups. Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana [online]. 2023; 26(2): 195-221. https://doi.org/10.12775/SPI.2023.2.009
3. Turkia M. Psycholytic dosing or 'microdosing' of Amanita muscaria (red fly agaric) mushrooms—a retrospective case study. PsyArXiv. 2023. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dve46
4. Meisel E, Morgan B, Schwartz M, Kazzi Z, Cetin H, Sahin A. Two cases of severe Amanita muscaria poisoning including fatality. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 2022; 33(4): 412-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2022.06.002
5. Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz M, Pankowska S, Janiak M, Pruszczyk P, Łazowski T, Jankowski K. Coma in the course of severe poisoning after consumption of red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria). Acta Biochim Pol. 2016; 63(1): 181-182. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2015_1170
6. Okhovat A, Cruces W, Docampo-Palacios ML, Ray KP, Ramirez GA. Psychoactive isoxazoles, muscimol, and isoxazole derivatives from the Amanita (Agaricomycetes) species: review of new trends in synthesis, dosage, and biological properties. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms. 2023; 25: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023049458
7. Leas, EC, Satibaldyeva N, Kepner W, Harati MR, Yang KH, Corroon J, et al. Need for a public health response to the unregulated sales of Amanita muscaria mushrooms. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2024; 67(3): 458-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2024.05.006
8. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Explore chemistry [Intermet]. Bethesda: PubChem, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2024 [access 2024 Dec 31]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
9. Babicki J. [Amanita muscaria: enteology, pharmacology and toxicology]. 2019 (in Polish). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18047.07847
10. Soyka M. [Paranoid hallucinatory psychosis following intoxication with fly agaric]. Nervenarzt. 2023; 94: 849-851 (in German). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-023-01511-6
11. Ávila EL, Guevara-Pulido J. Development of a RP-HPLC Method for Separating and Quantifying Muscimol in Different Developmental Stages of the Fungus Amanita muscaria. Journal of Chemistry. 2020; 8859998. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859998
12. Voynova M, Shkondrov A, Kondeva-Burdina M, Krasteva I. Toxicological and pharmacological profile of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. – a new rising opportunity for biomedicine. Pharmacia. 2020; 67(4): 317-323. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e56112
13. Dörner S, Trottmann F, Jordan PM, Rogge K, Bartels B, Werz O, et al. The fatal mushroom neurotoxin muscarine is released from a harmless phosphorylated precursor upon cellular injury. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2024; 63(52). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202417220
14. Chan Maung A, Hennessey M, Kadiyala R. Accidental colourful mushroom poisoning – delirium, delusions and dreams. Clinical Medicine. 2023; 23(4): 417-419. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2023-0103
15. Falandysz J, Hanć A, Barałkiewicz D, Zhang Ji, Treu R. Metallic and metalloid elements in various developmental stages of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. Fungal Biology. 2020; 124: 174-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.008
16. Chan TYC, Ng SW, Chan CK, Lee HHC, Mak TWL. Cholinergic mushroom poisoning with the detection of muscarine toxin in urine. J Med Cases. 2023; 14(6): 222-226. https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc4109
17. Masha B. Microdosing with Amanita muscaria: creativity, healing, and recovery with the sacred mushroom. Rochester: Park Street Press; 2022.
18. Ordak M, Galazka A, Nasierowski T, Muszynska E, Bujalska-Zadrozny M. Reasons, form of ingestion and side effects associated with consumption of Amanita muscaria. Toxics. 2023; 11(4): 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040383
19. Wagner A, Yan Z, Kulka M. A human microglial cell line expresses γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and responds to GABA and muscimol by increasing production of IL-8. Neuroglia. 2023; 4(3): 172-187. https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia4030012
20. Wagner A, Pehar M, Yan Z, Kulka M. Amanita muscaria extract potentiates production of proinflammatory cytokines by dsRNA-activated human microglia. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2023; 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1102465
21. Roth BL, Gumpper RH. Psychedelics as transformative therapeutics. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2023; 180(5): 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230172
22. Karim MR. A method to quantify Drosophila behavioral activities induced by GABAA agonist muscimol. Bio Protoc. 2021; 11. https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.3982
23. Kondeva-Burdina M, Voynova M, Shkondrov A, Aluani D, Tzankova V, Krasteva I. Effects of Amanita muscaria extract on different in vitro neurotoxicity models at sub-cellular and cellular levels. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019; 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.110687
24. Pilipenko V, Narbute K, Beitnere U, Rumaks J, Pupure J, Jansone B, et al. Very low doses of muscimol and baclofen ameliorate cognitive deficits and regulate protein expression in the brain of a rat model of streptozocin-induced Alzheimer's disease. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2018; 818: 381-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.012
25. Tapan E, Süfer Ö, Taşkin H, Assyov B, Bozok F. Antioxidant activities of some edible and poisonous Amanita species from Türkiye. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci. 2024; 51: 1662-1670. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023603105
26. Kragujevac J, Nikodijević D, Ćurčić Milutinović M, Kosanic M, Petrovic N, Jovanović-Krivokuća M, et al. Kragujevac Journal of Science. 2024; 46: 21-135. https://doi.org/10.5937/KgJSci2401121M
27. Ramawad HA, Paridari P, Jabermoradi S, Gharin P, Toloui A, Safari S, et al. Muscimol as a treatment for nerve injury-related neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Korean J Pain. 2023; 36: 425-440. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23161
28. Sácký J, Chaloupecká A, Kaňa A, Šantrůček J, Borovička J, Leonhardt T, et al. Intracellular sequestration of cadmium and zinc in ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria (Agaricales, Amanitaceae) and characterization of its metallothionein gene. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2022; 162: 103717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103717
29. Hanć A, Fernandes AR, Falandysz J, Zhang J. Mercury and selenium in developing and mature fruiting bodies of Amanita muscaria. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021; 28(42): 60145-60153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14740-6
30. Coyle JT, Schwarcz R. The Discovery and characterization of targeted perikaryal-specific brain lesions with excitotoxins. Front Neurosci. 2020; 14: 927. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00927
31. [Act of July 29, 2005 on counteracting drug addiction (Journal of Laws 2023, item 1939)] (in Polish).
32. [Act of August 25, 2006 on food and nutrition safety (Journal of Laws 2023, item 1448)] (in Polish).
33. [Regulation of the Minister of Health on mushrooms authorized for marketing or production of mushroom preparations, foodstuffs containing mushrooms, and the powers of a mushroom classifier and mushroom expert (Journal of Laws 2023, item 2237)] (in Polish).
Copyright: © 2025 Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

Quick links
© 2025 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.

New guidelines for authors!

Starting from 1 January 2025, all authors are obliged to follow new guidelines in “Health Problems of Civilization”.


While preparing the manuscript for submission, authors must follow formatting instructions included

in the Word templates that can be found in the “Instructions for authors” section of our website.

New information about fees!