Irradiation-induced bone sarcoma in a patient treated for cervix cancer 28 years earlier

Introduction

An increasing number of women survive after cervical carcinoma treatment and live longer than 5-10 years without signs of recurrence. Some of these survivors may develop a second cancer caused by primary anticancer treatment. Aging is the most important factor of second cancer risk in cured cancer patients. Post-irradiation tumours can occur even 60 years after radiotherapy. Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy increase the risk of second cancer [1]. Epidemiological data concerning irradiation-induced sarcoma risk showed an average relative risk of 1.42 at 1 Sv (unit of dose equivalent, for gamma irradiation 1 Sv = 1 Gy) [2]. Incidence of radiation-induced tumours ranges from 0.5% to 1.6%. We present a case of radiation-associated sarcoma of pelvic bone following radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma. The diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas and mechanisms of development of irradiation-induced sarcoma are discussed.

Case description

A 37-year-old Polish woman was referred to the Institute of Oncology in Krakow in July of 1980 with diagnosis of squamous cell cervical carcinoma in FIGO stage IIA. Between 31 July and 2 September 1980, the patient underwent conventionally fractionated external beam irradiation with the total dose of 50 Gy and brachytherapy with radium applicators (intrauterine tube and fornix applicators) with the dose of 60 Gy calculated at point A. The patient was followed without signs of recurrence until March 1982. She was again referred to our hospital in May of 2008, 28 years after radiotherapy. For five months, the patient had been suffering from pain spreading from the back to the right sacroiliac joint. On gynaecological examination no signs of cervix cancer recurrence were found. X-ray of the pelvic bones showed an osteolytic focus of about 5 cm × 8 cm, in the right iliac ala at the level of the right sacroiliac joint. A computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the presence of inoperable osteolytic destruction in the right iliac ala along the sacroiliac joint, with penetration into the articular space and inflammatory reaction in surrounding soft tissues. The imaging results were returned to the patient, so the present paper does not contain any photographic documentation of the examinations performed. Ultrasound controlled core-needle biopsy revealed malignant spindle cell neoplasm forming either long and storiform fascicles or haemangiopericytoma-like texture (Fig. 1). The tumour cells were characterized by numerous pleomorphic cells and significant mitotic activity [up to 2-3 mitotic figures in one high power field (HPF)] (Fig. 2). The tumour cells dyed positively with antibodies against vimentin (strong diffuse cytoplasmic reaction), CD68 and desmin (positive reaction in single cells) (Fig. 2. Insert). The immunohistochemical staining for broad spectrum of cytokeratins (AE1/AE3, CK7, CK5/6, CAM5.2) gave negative results.

The histological and immunohistochemical picture of the tumour was consistent with high grade pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma.

Three courses of chemotherapy with Adriamycin were given. Due to evidence of progression observed on X-ray and CT scan and rapid worsening of general status, chemotherapy was discontinued in October 2008.

The patient received symptomatic treatment prescribed by a general practitioner and later was lost from the follow-up.

Discussion

The criteria describing post-irradiation nature of second malignancy include second malignancy arising within the irradiation field, tumour histology other than primary, and a latent period of 5 years minimum [3]. The present case fits the above criteria, so finally a diagnosis of irradiation-induced sarcoma was made.

The risk of second malignancy within the irradiated area in patients with cervical carcinoma treated with irradiation has been assessed in large epidemiological studies presented by Boice et al. [4] and Kleinerman et al. [5]. Both authors noted increased incidence of rectal, bladder, vaginal and ovarian carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma and leukaemia. Consistently increasing risk particularly concerns organs receiving a dose higher than 1 Gy, rising from 10% in the first decade after irradiation to about 50% after 30 or more years. The risk is highest when irradiation therapy was given at a young age [6-10]. The threshold dose for radiation-induced tumours is not known. A lot of authors have noted increased incidence of soft tissue and bone sarcoma [11-16]. Kleinerman et al. [5] found that relative risk for bone sarcoma in the irradiated field was 3.0. The overall incidence of post-irradiation sarcoma ranged from 0.03% after 10 years to 0.8% after 30 years [15, 17-19].

The most common types of radiation-induced sarcomas are osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and angiosarcoma [9, 20-22]. High grade pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma has been reported rarely [21, 23]. Lagrange et al. [21] in a retrospective analysis of 80 cases of post-irradiation sarcoma noted 3 cases with soft tissue leiomyosarcoma and one with bone leiomyosarcoma. Kaczmarek-Borowska et al. [23] noted one case with abdominal wall leiomyosarcoma that developed 11 years after cervical carcinoma irradiation. Olcina et al. [24] described one case of radiation-induced leiomyosarcoma after breast carcinoma treatment. Brockstein et al. [25] noted 3 cases of leiomyosarcoma occurring 9-27 years after radiation and chemotherapy. Brockstein et al. [25] were able to find in the English language literature 33 cases (mostly as single case reports) of radiation-induced leiomyosarcoma, which developed 6-35 years after radiation therapy.

Radical resection remains the main method of treatment in radiation-induced sarcomas, but resectability depends on site (bone or soft tissue) and size of tumour. Operability rate ranged from 49% to 74% [16, 20, 26]. Management of these tumours must take into consideration the possibility of complete resection and the impact of surgery on quality of life. In the present case, an inoperable sarcoma was located in the pelvic bones. The clinical course was aggressive, with rapid progression during chemotherapy.

The median survival reported by Brady et al. [13] was one year, and the 5-year survival was 17% for patients with a tumour of more than 5 cm in diameter and not completely resected. Bjerkehagen et al. [27] noted 33% 5-year crude survival. Inoue [18] noted 5-year overall survival for patients with resectable lesion of the extremities at the level of 68.2% compared with 27.3% for those with central type (pelvis, head/neck, spine, scapula). Similar results were also achieved in other reports [28, 29]. The poor survival rate is the result of significant delay in diagnosis, large, unresectable and aggressive tumours, and lack of effective methods of treatment apart from radical surgery.

Chemotherapy and re-irradiation have very limited application, mainly as palliative treatment [26, 29]. Paclitaxel and anti-angiogenic drugs, such as sorafenib and sunitinib, have shown some efficiency in angiosarcomas [30]. Chemotherapy can be administered in the neoadjuvant pattern, before surgical resection, to improve local control and eradicate subclinical metastatic disease. Guetz et al. [31] noted clinical partial remission in 9 out of 19 patients (47%) receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (doxorubicin + ifosfamide + dacarbazine). Eight of them were operated on. Pathological analysis showed two cases of complete histological response. Re-irradiation can be relatively safe and effective in selected patients, but there are concerns about serious sequelae. Furthermore, repeated high-dose radiotherapy is often impossible due to limited bone marrow function [32, 33]. De Jong [34] indicated re-irradiation plus hyperthermia as a feasible method in patients with post-irradiation sarcoma.

There are several theories describing mechanisms of development of irradiation-induced tumours. Guerrero et al. [35] suggested that critical cellular molecules are directly ionized, or irradiation indirectly acts through mediators such oxygen free radicals and finally DNA injury results in induction of a somatic mutation and activation of proto-oncogene K-ras. Experimental evidence showed p53 gene alterations or increased p53 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in post-irradiation murine sarcomas. The retinoblastoma gen (Rb) mutations also have been detected [36]. Little [37] described evidence indicating that not only activation of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and the loss of cell-cycle checkpoints within irradiated cells are important. Genetic consequences of irradiation may occur in the neighbouring cells by gap junction mediated cell-cell communication and activation of the p53 damage response pathway. In Trott’s [38] opinion, second cancers in high dose volumes are caused by the promoting effects of chronic radiation damage: atrophy and persistent inflammation. Holt [39] suggested a two-mutation model of carcinogenesis, which fitted the influence of low dose irradiation: a specific mutation in a stem cell increases its rate of proliferation and pre-malignant cells will develop. A second specific mutation in any one of these will make it malignant. Modern radiation techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) might increase the risk of radiation-induced sarcomas. The move from conventional to three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy was implicated in reduction of the normal tissue volume receiving a high dose and an increase in dose to the tumour and a limited part of normal tissue. This may correlate with a decrease in the number of induced sarcomas. However, the move to IMRT involves more fields, and a larger volume of normal tissue receives lower doses while the total body exposure is increased. Both factors may cause greater risk of radiation-induced tumours [19, 38, 40, 41]. Genetic predisposition and other risk factors such tobacco, alcohol, hormonal disturbance and diet also play an important role. The increased risk of second cancers is well documented in patients with hereditary form of retinoblastoma [42]. In members of families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, germline mutations in tumour suppressor genes may increase the risk of second cancer [43].

The risk of radiation-induced sarcoma is relatively small compared with the benefits of radical or adjuvant radiotherapy. Careful follow-up after effective radiotherapy should be continued for many years: early diagnosis of second cancer may help in more effective treatment of these tumours.

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Address for correspondence:

Małgorzata Klimek

Klinika Ginekologii Onkologicznej

Centrum Onkologii – Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie

ul. Garncarska 11

31-115 Kraków

e-mail: klimekmag@poczta.onet.pl



Submitted: 15.01.2011

Accepted: 18.01.2012