MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the more common form of diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion; this occurs during the progression of T2DM, and high blood glucose levels. T2DM, a prevalent metabolic condition, arises from the dual causes of impaired insulin production by pancreatic β-cells and the inadequate response of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin. It poses a significant public health concern, impacting both health and quality of life. Individuals with T2DM may have normal fasting glucose levels. The pathophysiology of T2DM is characterized by a combination of insufficient insulin production and reduced responsiveness to insulin, both of which are associated with the presence of inflammatory cytokines in the bloodstream and elevated levels of fatty acids. These factors result in impaired glucose transport into the cells that need it, increased breakdown of fat, and heightened production of glucose by the liver. It is crucial to establish a diagnostic framework, provide medication such as sulfonylureas or insulin, and incorporate dietary and physical activity interventions. Managing cholesterol and blood pressure alongside hyperglycemia control is essential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems. While SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 agents offer cardiovascular benefits, they should complement, not replace, statin therapy and blood pressure control for effective cardiovascular risk reduction.