Pulmonary artery aneurysm in an adult patient with idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery

Case report

A 54-year-old male patient with main pulmonary artery (MPA) dilatation detected in out-clinically performed computed tomography (CT) and with well controlled arterial systemic hypertension was referred to our department for advanced diagnostics and for a further therapy decision to be made. His first hospitalisation due to congenital heart disease suspicion was at the age of 18. At that time there were no clinical symptoms besides the presence of protomezosystolic murmur over the left sternal edge and cardiac apex. In chest X-ray tomography performed at that time enlargement of the left pulmonary artery was found. In those days – in 1976 – atrial septal defect was suspected and the patient was referred for haemodynamic and angiographic studies. However, it was abandoned due to lack of compliance. In 2003 diagnostic procedures were restarted, and CT revealed MPA dilatation to 40 mm.
During the present hospitalisation the patient denied the presence of any cardiovascular symptoms and confirmed regular physical activity. Examination revealed only slight systolic murmur (Levine 1/6) over the left sternal edge. Electrocardiography (ECG) study was normal. Chest X-ray revealed enlargement of the left hilum probably due to enlargement of the main pulmonary artery (Fig. 1). Echocardiography showed proximal MPA diameter of 29 mm distally exceeding to 45 mm. The right pulmonary artery (RPA) was enlarged up to 29 mm, and the left one was not precisely visible. Blood flow profile was normal. No signs of intracardiac or extracardiac shunting were found. Right ventricule diameter and contractility were normal (RVdD – 29 mm) without symptoms of pulmonary hypertension (TRPG – 20 mmHg). Cardiac CT revealed MPA aneurysm (47 × 40 mm in diameter) with significant enlargement of the left (37 × 35 mm) and right pulmonary artery (24 × 27 mm; Figs. 1 and 2). Potential primary causes of MPA dilatation were eliminated, such as: distal MPA stenosis, pulmonary embolism, and the presence of any pulmonary disease. Coronary arteries CT scan was performed and showed no signs of left coronary artery compression with MPA aneurysm (Fig. 3). Additional laboratory studies excluded inflammatory and collagen disorders. According to the gathered data a diagnosis of idiopathic dilatation of the main pulmonary artery (IDPA) was stated. At that time the patient was disqualified from surgical intervention. The following therapy was targeted at optimal medical management of arterial systemic hypertension. Future control tests after 6 and 10 months were planned.
After six months control echocardiography showed a proximal MPA diameter of 28 mm with enlargement progression of the distal segment to 51 mm and RPA to 31 mm. Right ventricule diastolic diameter was also enlarged to 41 mm with preserved contractility. Computed tomography study revealed progression of MPA diameters to 52 × 45 mm, LPA diameter to 36 × 27 mm, and RPA diameter to 30 × 26 mm. After the next four months an echocardiography study showed stable parameters of pulmonary arteries with MPA enlargement progression to 57 mm. The patient was continuously disqualified from surgical treatment due to asymptomatic course. Continuation of optimal medical therapy of arterial hypertension was administered.

Discussion

Isolated pulmonary artery enlargement, also known as idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery, is a rare congenital defect with a prevalence of 0.6% of all congenital heart defects (CHD) [1, 2]. Approximately in 1 per 14,000 autopsies MPA aneurism is recognised [3]. The first description of IDPA was published by Wessler and Jaches in 1923 [4]. Clinical criteria of IDPA diagnosis were first presented by Green in 1949 and improved in 1960 by Desmukh [5, 6]. According to them, IDPA may be diagnosed if: isolated MPA diameter exceeds 30 mm with or without pulmonary arteries enlargement, there is an absence of intra or extracardiac shunt, cardiac or pulmonary disorders, arterial wall pathologies (i.e. atherosclerosis, callosity, syphilis), and with normal pulmonary artery and right ventricule pressure. Actually due to the availability of more accurate diagnostic tools further criteria were added: ratio of pulmonary artery bifurcation and aortic annulus diameters more than 1.4 and/or ratio of MPA and aortic annulus diameters more than 1.5. However, there are no precisely defined normal ranges of MPA diameter. It is accepted that MPA should not exceed 30 mm or MPA diameter should not be larger than aortic diameter on the corresponding level. It should be noted that those criteria apply to pulmonary artery dilatation in patients with pulmonary hypertension but not to IDPA [7].
Until now the aetiology of IDPA has not been clearly defined. Post-mortem histopathological studies showed mucopolysaccharide deposits in the tunica media of the MPA, which is similarly detected in cystic medial necrosis. Thus, IDPA may be caused by unidentified connective tissue pathology [8].
In the vast majority of cases IDPA remains asymptomatic. Usually it is accidentally diagnosed while chest X-ray shows significant enlargement of the left pulmonary hilum. Clinical manifestation involves non-specific angina, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, cough, and haemoptysis. Those symptoms result from aneurismal compression on contiguous anatomical structures. According to some authors, in patients with IDPA a physical examination may reveal: systolic murmur over the left sternal edge (up to 3/6 in the Levine scale) with maximal force in 2nd or 3rd intercostal space, the presence of pulmonary click, and 2nd tone split [9, 10]. Since those symptoms are not specific final diagnostics require echocardiography with MPA diameter calculation, evaluation of valve morphology and function, and exclusion of pulmonary hypertension. Following CT and cardiac magnetic resonance studies are advised. In some cases cardiac catheterisation is desired for adequate pulmonary artery pressure assessment [11].
The occurrence of spontaneous dissection of pulmonary artery aneurism in patients with IDPA is extremely rare [12]. Van Rens et al. reported a case of 39-year-long uneventful follow-up of a patient with untreated IDPA [13]. Thus, it is crucial in the diagnostic process to exclude the possibility of secondary MPA enlargement to CHD, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, MPA infection (bacterial, mycotic, tuberculotic and syphilic), vascular inflammatory process (Behcet disease, Huges-Stovin disease), and connective tissue defects (Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) [14]. It is accepted that pulmonary artery aneurism secondary to other diseases is lethal. Most available data are gathered in populations with pulmonary hypertension [15]. The main causes of death in patients with pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary artery aneurism are dissection and rapture of aneurism [16].
There are no unequivocal indications for management in IDPA. Medical treatment does not affect primary pathology and seems to be ineffective. Some authors support the thesis that all patients with pulmonary artery aneurism should be referred for surgical intervention. Others advocate that patients presenting clinical symptoms (dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis), dynamic progression of MPA enlargement, or dissection should only be treated surgically due to high mortality risk [17, 18].
Since the majority of data show that rupture of an MPA aneurism occurs mostly in patients with primary disease, such as connective tissue disorder, pulmonary hypertension, or mycotic infection, it remains rational to refer all symptomatic patients with secondary pulmonary artery aneurism for surgical intervention [19, 20]. Veldtman et al. suggest that the timing of the surgical procedure in the population with pulmonary hypertension should be additionally guided with right ventricule dimension, function and presence of pulmonary regurgitation, or stenosis, regardless of MPA size [21].
Several surgical procedures were elaborated to treat secondary pulmonary aneurism. Those techniques might be incorporated into IDPA if the decision to go ahead with surgical treatment is made. Longitudinal plication of MPA (aneurysmorrhaphy) may be performed without use of cardiopulmonary bypass and is relatively less technically demanding. However, plication should not be performed in patients with connective tissue disorder or CHD since the risk of further enlargement of MPA is high. Definitive correction may be achieved by total aneurysmectomy and repair with Dacron or Gore-Tex graft or autologous pericardial replacement [22]. In patients with severe pulmonary artery valve dysfunction due to pulmonary artery valve dilatation reconstruction of right ventricule outflow tract (RVOT) might be needed. For that purpose the use of homograft, porcine aortic xenograft, or bovine jugular vein is indicated. A few authors have reported the feasibility of percutaneous coronary artery angioplasty with stent implantation due to coronary artery compression by MPA aneurism. In such cases it is recommended that precise visualisation of compressed artery segment be performed with use of computed tomography since standard angiography may not be sufficient [23, 24].
In conclusion, in the presented case we confirmed constant progression of pulmonary artery dilatation since it was first observed more than ten years previously. However, right ventricule function has been preserved and the patient is currently free from any symptoms. Idiopathic dilatation of the main pulmonary artery diagnosis is stated since other primary causes were eliminated. The heart team agreed that currently the risk of surgical intervention is higher than the potential benefit. The patient is scheduled for frequent control follow-up and will be operated if any symptoms occur.

Disclosure

Authors report no conflict of interest.

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