1. Dyrbye LN, Harper W, Durning SJ, Moutier C, Thomas MR, Massie FS Jr, et al. Patterns of distress in US medical students. Med Teach 2011; 33: 834-839.
2.
Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD. Commentary: medical student distress: a call to action. Acad Med 2011; 86: 801-803.
3.
Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Shanafelt TD. Systematic review of depression, anxiety, and other indicators of psychological distress among U.S. and Canadian medical students. Acad Med 2006; 81: 354-373.
4.
Tyssen R, Vaglum P, Grønvold NT, Ekeberg O. Suicidal ideation among medical students and young physicians: a nationwide and prospective study of prevalence and predictors. J Affect Disord 2001; 64: 69-79.
5.
Dyrbye LN, Schwartz A, Downing SM, Szydlo DW, Sloan JA, Shanafelt TD. Efficacy of a brief screening tool to identify medical students in distress. Acad Med 2011; 86: 907-914.
6.
Heinen I, Bullinger M, Kocalevent RD. Perceived stress in first year medical students – associations with personal resources and emotional distress. BMC Med Educ 2017; 17: 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0841-8.
7.
Pacheco JP, Giacomin HT, Tam WW, Ribeiro TB, Arab C, Bezerra IM, Pinasco GC. Mental health problems among medical students in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Psychiatry 2017; 39: 369-378.
8.
Hankir AK, Northall A, Zaman R. Stigma and mental health challenges in medical students. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014: bcr2014205226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-205226.
9.
Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Shanafelt TD. Medical student distress: causes, consequences, and proposed solutions. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 1613-1622.
10.
Wingralek Z, Miś P, Wróblewski H, Zimna A. The importance of anti-inflammatory diet in depression: a literature review and recommendations. Curr Probl Psychiatry 2023; 24: 134-150.
11.
Szczygieł K, Samochowiec J. Wpływ żywienia na zdrowie psychiczne w opinii psychiatry. Varia Medica 2019; 3: 289-296.
12.
Karakuła-Juchnowicz H, Róg J. Nutripsychiatria – jaki wpływ na zdrowie psychiczne mają czynniki żywieniowe? Psychiatr Po Dyplomie 2019; 16: 13-18.
13.
Fukushima K, Fukushima N, Sato H, Yokota J, Uchida K. Association between nutritional level, menstrual-related symptoms, and mental health in female medical students. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0235909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235909.
14.
Szypowska A, Regulska-Ilow B, Zatońska K, Szuba A. Comparison of intake of food groups based on Dietary Iinflammatory Index (DII) and cardiovascular risk factors in the middle-age population of Lower Silesia: results of the PURE Poland Study. Antioxidants 2023; 12: 285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020285.
15.
Clarke ED, Stanford J, Ferguson JJA, Wood LG, Collins CE. Red blood cell membrane fatty acid composition, dietary fatty acid intake and diet quality as predictors of inflammation in a group of Australian adults. Nutrients 2023; 15: 2405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102405.
16.
Glick NR, Fischer MH. The role of essential fatty acids in human health. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2013; 18: 268-289.
17.
Harwood JL. Polyunsaturated fatty acids: conversion to lipid mediators, roles in inflammatory diseases and dietary sources. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24: 8838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108838.
18.
Liao Y, Xie B, Zhang H, He Q, Guo L, Subramanieapillai M, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9: 190. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0515-5. Erratum in: Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11: 465. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01582-6.
19.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Belury MA, Andridge R, Malarkey WB, Glaser R. Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25: 1725-1734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.229.
20.
Grosso G. Nutritional psychiatry: how diet affects brain through gut microbiota. Nutrients 2021; 13: 1282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041282.
21.
Marx W, Moseley G, Berk M, Jacka F. Nutritional psychiatry: the present state of the evidence. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76: 427-436.
22.
Samuthpongtorn C, Nguyen LH, Okereke OI, Wang DD, Song M, Chan AT, Mehta RS . Consumption of ultraprocessed food and risk of depression. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6: e2334770. DOi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.34770.
23.
Chang JPC, Su KP. Nutritional neuroscience as mainstream of psychiatry: the evidence-based treatment guidelines for using omega-3 fatty acids as a new treatment for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2020; 18: 469-483.
24.
Ravindran AV, Balneaves LG, Faulkner G, Ortiz A, McIntosh D, Morehouse RL, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 5. Complementary and alternative medicine treatments. Can J Psychiatry 2016; 61: 576-587.
25.
Ardern CI, Janssen I, Ross R, Katzmarzyk PT. Development of health-related waist circumference thresholds within BMI categories. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1094-1103.
26.
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983; 24: 385-396.
27.
PSS-10. Available at: https://www.practest.com.pl/sklep/test/PSS-10 (Accessed: 22.08.2024).
28.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606-613.
29.
Wittkampf KA, Naeije L, Schene AH, Huyser J, van Weert HC. Diagnostic accuracy of the mood module of the Patient Health Questionnaire: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007; 29: 388-395.
30.
Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep 2011; 34: 601-608.
31.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1092-1097.
32.
Zhao J, Gao P, Zhu D. Optimization of Zn2+-containing mobile phase for simultaneous determination of kynurenine, kynurenic acid and tryptophan in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878: 603-608.
33.
Maciejewska D, Drozd A, Ossowski P, Ryterska K, Jamioł-Milc D, Banaszczak M, et al. Fatty acid changes help to better understand regression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 301-310.
34.
Manea L, Gilbody S, McMillan D. Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2012; 184: E191-E196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110829.
35.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) – Mental Health Screening – National HIV Curriculum. Available at: https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/mental-health-screening/gad-7 (Accessed: 22.08.2024).
36.
Rog J, Karakuła M, Rząd Z, Fitowska A, Brzezińska A, Karakula-Juchnowicz H. The importance of adverse childhood experiences in depressive symptoms and their biological consequences in healthy adults: results of a Polish university student study. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 7093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12227093.
37.
Shahid A, Wilkinson K, Marcu S, Shapiro CM. Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). In: Shahid A, Wilkinson K, Marcu S, Shapiro CM (eds.). STOP, THAT and One Hundred Other Sleep Scales. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2011, pp. 191-193.
38.
Saraswathi V, Kumar N, Gopal T, Bhatt S, Ai W, Ma C, et al. Lauric acid versus palmitic acid: effects on adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9: 346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9110346.
39.
Chen H, Wang J, Zheng B, Xia W, Tan G, Wu H, et al. Association of serum fatty acid pattern with depression in U.S. adults: analysis of NHANES 2011-2012. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23: 177. DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02142-9.
40.
Nguyen N, Woodside DB, Lam E, Quehenberger O, German JB, Shih PEB. Fatty acids and their lipogenic enzymes in anorexia nervosa clinical subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25: 5516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105516.
41.
Chen H, Cao Z, Hou Y, Yang H, Wang X, Xu C. The associations of dietary patterns with depressive and anxiety symptoms: a prospective study. BMC Med 2023; 21: 307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-03019-x.
42.
Assies J, Lieverse R, Vreken P, Wanders RJ, Dingemans PM, Linszen DH. Significantly reduced docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid concentrations in erythrocyte membranes from schizophrenic patients compared with a carefully matched control group. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 510-522.
43.
Kawashima H, Yoshizawa K. The physiological and pathological properties of Mead acid, an endogenous multifunctional n-9 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22: 172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-023-01937-6.
44.
Kotlęga D, Peda B, Palma J, Zembroń-Łacny A, Gołąb-Janowska M, Masztalewicz M, et al. Free fatty acids are associated with the cognitive functions in stroke survivors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 6500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126500.
45.
Stacey D, Benyamin B, Lee SH, Hyppönen E. A metabolome-wide Mendelian randomization study identifies dysregulated arachidonic acid synthesis as a potential causal risk factor for bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 96: 455-462.
46.
Mozaffarian D, Cao H, King IB, Lemaitre RN, Song X, Siscovick DS, Hotamisligil GS. Circulating palmitoleic acid and risk of metabolic abnormalities and new-onset diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 1350-1358.
47.
Zeng L, Lv H, Wang X, Xue R, Zhou C, Liu X, Yu H. Causal effects of fatty acids on depression: Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 1010476. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1010476.
48.
Liu T, Wang L, Guo J, Zhao T, Tang H, Dong F, et al. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition as a potential biomarker for depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26: 385-395.
49.
Yin J, Li S, Li J, Gong R, Jia Z, Liu J, et al. Association of serum oleic acid level with depression in American adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23: 845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05271-0.
50.
Higuchi Y, Takahashi T, Itoh H, Sasabayashi D, Sumiyoshi T, Suzuki M. Relationships between erythrocyte membrane mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acid composition and clinical/cognitive indices in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15: 1361997. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1361997.
51.
Santa-María C, López Enriquez S, Montserrat-de la Paz S, Geniz I, Reyes-Quiroz ME, Moreno M, et al. Update on anti-inflammatory molecular mechanisms induced by oleic acid. Nutrients 2023; 15: 224. DOI: 10.3390/nu15010224.
52.
Contreras CM, Rodríguez-Landa JF, García-Ríos RI, Cueto-Escobedo J, Guillen-Ruiz G, Bernal-Morales B. Myristic acid produces anxiolytic-like effects in Wistar rats in the elevated plus maze. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 492141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/492141.
53.
Bernal-Morales B, Cueto-Escobedo J, Guillén-Ruiz G, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Contreras CM. A fatty acids mixture reduces anxiety-like behaviors in infant rats mediated by GABAA receptors. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017: 8798546. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8798546.
54.
Only two fatty acids noted in cholesterol increase. JAMA 1965; 192: 34-40.
55.
Barbosa Verly-Miguel MV, Rodrigues Farias D, de Jesus Pereira Pinto T, Lepsch J, Nardi AE, Kac G. Serum docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is inversely associated with anxiety disorders in early pregnancy. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 30: 34-40.
56.
Álvarez-Ramírez M, Lara MA, Cervantes-Alfaro JM, Robinson-Fuentes VA, Alveano-Hernández J. Correlation between intake of omega-3 fatty acids and depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy. Salud Ment 2018; 41: 31-38.
57.
Bafkar N, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S. Efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24: 455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05881-2.
58.
Sivasubramanian MK, Monteiro R, Balasubramanian P, Subramanian M. Palmitic acid induces oxidative stress, senescence and downregulates glutamate transporter expression in human brainstem astrocytes. Physiology 2023; 38: 5732794. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.2023.38.S1.5732794.
59.
Kalinić D, Borovac Štefanović L, Jerončić A, Mimica N, Dodig G, Delaš I. Eicosapentaenoic acid in serum lipids could be inversely correlated with severity of clinical symptomatology in Croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Croat Med J 2014; 55: 27-37.
60.
Irmisch G, Schläfke D, Gierow W, Herpertz S, Richter J. Fatty acids and sleep in depressed inpatients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 76: 1-7.
61.
Sanders AE, Wallace ED, Ehrmann BM, Soma PS, Shaikh SR, Preisser JS, et al. Non-esterified erythrocyte linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and subjective sleep outcomes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 195: 102580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102580.
62.
Liu Q, Shan Q. Associations of α-linolenic acid dietary intake with very short sleep duration in adults. Front Public Health 2022; 10: 986424. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.986424.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). License allowing third parties to download and share its works but not commercially purposes or to create derivative works.