Uterine myomas (fibroids) are benign tumours coming from smooth muscle cells of the uterine wall. From an epidemiological point of view, uterine myomas are the most common tumours in women, and their clinical signs and symptoms can be found in 25-40% of patients with fibromas [1]. Clinical manifestations of fibromas usually include different kinds of excessive bleeding (menorrhagia, metrorrhagia), and sometimes fibromas are involved in obstetric disturbances (infertility, complications during pregnancy, labour, and puerperium). Large fibromas can also induce pelvic pain and pelvic pressure symptoms with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and/or constipation [2].
According to current guidelines, surgical strategies of fibroma treatment are dependent on the patient’s age as well as the patient’s desire to preserve fertility or to preserve the uterus. Current armamentarium of myoma management consists of medical therapy (GnRH, SPRMs). The latest medical therapy using ulipristal acetate seems to be a very interesting option because of its unique mechanism(s) of action and supposed long-term effects. According to basic molecular data, ulipristal acetate is a specific progesterone receptor modulator doing its work by pathways of progesterone. The main pathway of action involves the receptor mechanism because ulipristal acetate has very high affinity to progesterone receptor A and B. It means that the action of progesterone receptors after ulipristal acetate binding is modulated in different directions (activation or inhibition) giving, at molecular level, modulation of particular genes expression and is involved in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Additionally, ulipristal acetate alone, like other steroids, is implicated in rapid membrane-initiated changes, which in turn are involved in cell signalling pathway [2, 3]. In vivo mechanisms of myoma reduction with ulipristal acetate involve inhibition of proliferation rate, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling due to matrix metaloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression, and a limited period of cell death [4].
Non-surgical alternatives of uterine myomas treatment include uterine artery embolisation (UAE), vaginal temporary occlusion of uterine arteries using clamp-like device or MRgFUS technique, and finally surgical treatment with different types of procedure (total hysterectomy, subtotal hysterectomy, myomectomy) using different kinds of approach (laparotomy, laparoscopy, hysteroscopy for submucous tumours) [2].
A few myoma classifications have been described in the literature. The most popular and very simple ESGE classification of submucous fibromas (three types of myomas) was adopted from an original paper by Wamsteker et al. published in 1993 [5]. Lasmar et al. [6] published in 2005 and validated in 2011 [7] a new classification of submucous myomas named STEPW (STEPW = Size, Topography, Extension, Penetration, Wall), which seems to be very useful for the prediction of primary success in hysteroscopic techniques. Munro et al. in 2011 [8] described new general classification of fibroids, subsequently adopted by FIGO (International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics), and including nine types of myomas according to its relation (localisation) to the uterine wall (from 0 – pedunculated intracavitary fibroma to 8 – parasitarius or cervical fibroma and also hybrid types, e.g. 2-5).
In cases of submucous myomas STEPW classification correlates very well with the possibility of risk of incomplete hysteroscopic myomectomies [7]. The real problem in hysteroscopy concerns the localisation and size of myoma – sometimes hysteroscopic myomectomy is extremely difficult with high risk of incomplete myomectomy and also with high risk of other complications (excessive bleeding, fluid overload syndrome, etc.). Recently, Ferrero et al. [9] published an original paper on ulipristal acetate treatment before surgery when expecting high complexity hysteroscopic myomectomy. According to original papers published in 2012 by Donnez et al. [10], ulipristal acetate, a specific progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM), is feasible for the management of fibromas before planned surgery. Indeed, nearly half of the patients included in this trial had surgery, but none of the patients had hysteroscopy, so the data on pre-treatment using ulipristal acetate before hysteroscopic myomectomy were very limited. Only Bizzarri et al. [11] in 2015 published the results of a pilot study on pre-treatment before hysteroscopy using triptorelin, letrozole, and ulipristal acetate in patients presenting submucous fibromas, but the number of patients was very limited. Currently Ferrero et al. [9] conducted a retrospective comparative study preoperatively using ulipristal acetate (5 mg/d during a consecutive three months) in 25 premenopausal patients with submucous fibroma. The comparative group consisted of similar patients undergoing hysteroscopy without any preoperative treatment. According to STEPW classification only patients scoring 5-6 points were included into the study. The only difference found between two groups was the endometrial thickness, which was nearly two times higher (8.7 mm vs. 4.7 mm in the primary surgery group, p < 0.001). The primary endpoint of the trial was to assess the incidence of incomplete resection in the group undergoing ulipristal acetate pre-treatment when compared to the group with primary surgery. Of course, many others outcomes were additionally assessed (fluid absorption, length of surgery, surgical complication e.g. uterine wall perforation, patient satisfaction). In the ulipristal acetate group the changes in myoma size and volume by ultrasonographic examination and adverse effects of drug were also assessed. According to the results obtained by Ferrero et al. [9] it seems that three months of pre-treatment with ulipristal acetate in patients presenting submucous myomas with high complexity (STEPW group II, score 5-6) and undergoing complex hysteroscopic procedure, significantly increases the chances of complete primary resection. Additionally, in the group with ulipristal acetate, the time of surgery was significantly lower when compare to the group undergoing direct surgery (28.6 minutes vs. 37.4 minutes, p < 0.05). Recently, Sancho et al. [12] published results of a comparative study on three-month pre-treatment with ulipristal acetate or GnRH analogues before planned hysteroscopy and found no difference between the two regimes in terms of primary complete resection, but in the surgeon’s subjective opinion, ulipristal acetate pre-treatment was associated with an easier resection. Specific endometrial changes described in literature as PAEC (progesterone-receptor modulator-associated endometrial changes) had no adverse impact on surgery [13]. Safety and feasibility seemed to be comparable to hysteroscopic myomectomies with pre-treatment with GnRH analogues, but with fewer side effects in the group on ulipristal acetate. At present, it seems to be too early to confidently recommend the use ulipristal acetate pre-treatment in all patients with submucous fibroma undergoing hysteroscopy, because many more well-conducted trials are needed.
A very similar conclusion can be drawn from literature data on gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues – a study performed by Muzii et al. [14] showed reduction in operative time and lower fluid absorption, and the overall difficulty of hysteroscopy was significantly reduced. Contrary to the paper by Muzzi et al. [14], the results of a British double-blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial [15] including patients with very similar profile do not support the routine GnRH analogue pre-treatment before planned hysteroscopy. Finally, based on systematic literature review and meta-analyses, there is no clear evidence that pre-treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues should be routinely used before hysteroscopic myomectomy. Accordingly, the conclusion drawn by Ferrero et al. [9] on selective use of ulipristal acetate as a pre-treatment in clearly recognised and defined clinical situations (STEPW II, score 5-6) seems to be very prudent.
Laparoscopic myomectomy is a much more challenging procedure when compared to hysteroscopic myomectomy, independently from progress made in laparoscopic technology (new multifunctional instruments, 3D-imaging, robotic surgery). Surprisingly, the search of literature data on pre-treatment with ulipristal acetate before laparoscopic myomectomy revealed only one case report. Also, in an original paper by Donnez et al. [10] nearly half of the patients had surgery after treatment, but there was no detailed description of the approach method of myomectomy performed (laparoscopic or laparotomy). The only paper recently published by Ferrero et al. [16] described a group of 34 patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy with planned pre-treatment with ulipristal acetate (5 mg/day, three-month continuous therapy). As a control group, 43 patients with direct laparoscopic surgery were analysed. According to FIGO classification, only patients having type 3, 4, or 5 myomas were analysed. Only patients with the largest fibroma more than 10 cm in diameter were included in this study; the total number of myomas was no more than three, the largest diameter of the second myoma was no more than 5 cm, and the third fibroma no more than 3 cm. Retrospective analysis of intra- and postoperative parameters clearly indicates that the intraoperative blood loss was lower in the group pre-treated with ulipristal acetate (507 ml vs. 684 ml in control, p = 0.012); however, in Table 3 in the original paper [16] there are quite different numbers. Also, the total time of surgery was significantly lower in the ulipristal acetate group (137.6 minutes vs. 159.7 minuets, p < 0.001); however, there was no significant difference in the suturing time between study groups (35 minutes vs. 29 minutes in control, p = 0.076). According to blood loss data, it is obvious that the haemoglobin drop was lower in the ulipristal acetate group (1.1 ±0.5 g/dl vs. 1.3 ±0.7 g/dl in control, p = 0.034). Because the haemoglobin level was higher in patients undergoing pre-treatment with ulipristal acetate, no patient in the group on ulipristal acetate required postoperative blood transfusions, whereas six patients in the control group did (p = 0.031). The number of other complications was not different between pre-treated and control groups (p = 0.726).
The main conclusions drawn from this study is that routine three-month pre-treatment with ulipristal acetate before laparoscopy in patients with large uterine myomas is feasible and should be recommended because it decreases the length of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, haemoglobin level drop, and consequently postoperative blood transfusion rate.
Disclosure
Supported by Gedeon Richter.
Author reports no conflict of interest.
References
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