eISSN: 2084-9842
ISSN: 1643-9279
Postępy w chirurgii głowy i szyi/Advances in Head and Neck Surgery
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1/2016
vol. 15
 
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abstract:

The role of macrophages in chronic sinusitis – review

Aneta Nowicka
1
,
Małgorzata Leszczyńska
2
,
Mariusz Kaczmarek
3
,
Małgorzata Wierzbicka
2
,
Jan Sikora
3

  1. Studenckie Koło Naukowe Immunologii Klinicznej Zakładu Immunologii Katedry Immunologii Klinicznej Uniwersytetu Medycznego im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu
  2. Klinika Otolaryngologii i Onkologii Laryngologicznej Uniwersytetu Medycznego im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu
  3. Zakład Immunologii Katedry Immunologii Klinicznej Uniwersytetu Medycznego im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu
Online publish date: 2016/06/27
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Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory condition that affects a large proportion of the population world-wide. There are many factors taking into consideration in pathogenesis of the disease, such as microorganisms, epithelial barrier malfunction, tissue remodeling or inflammatory cell patterns. Disease can be divided into two phenotypes dependent on the presence of nasal polyps. Immunological patterns in CRS with NPs and CRS without NPs are known to be distinct. Predominant role of some immune cells may decide about difference response to treatment. Macrophages – the professional phagocytic cells with well-established roles in the primary response to pathogens are responsible for many critical functions such as coordination of the adaptive immune response, tissue homeostasis, inflammation, resolution and repair. They possess functional plasticity mediated by microenvironment signals and are divided into two main subsets according to their polarization and cytokine profile: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). The role of macrophages in CRS has been investigated in many ways. It is supposed that they have significant influence on initiation and perpetuation of NP, especially M2 type which are known to be accumulated in NPs, possibly through factor XIII-A production. Phagocytosis and antigen presentation are vital in effective inflammatory response to microbes. Macrophages activation leads to the production of cytokines, which in turn activate other immune components. Researchers suggest that there may be a positive feedback loop for eosinophil recruitment by eotaxins that is further enhanced in a pro-inflammatory type 2 inflammatory environment. These cells could also contribute to the chronic inflammation. The multidirectional role of macrophages in pathogenesis of CRS seems to be important but is still somewhat controversial and unclear therefore further studies aimed at elucidating their function are needed. Targeting these cells specifically could be a new opportunity of treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding significance of macrophages in the pathogenesis of CRS.
keywords:

pathogenesis, nasal polyps, fibrosis, phagocytosis, cytokines
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